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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA   PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

AMERICAN    ARCHAEOLOGY   AND    ETHNOLOGY 

Vol.  1 1,  No.  7,  pp.  399-472  March  9,  1916 


THE   MUTSUN   DIALECT  OF   COSTANOAN 

BASED  ON  THE  VOCABULARY 

OF  DE  LA  CUESTA 


BY 

J.  ALDEN  MASON 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY 


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Kroeber.    Pp.  251-318.    September,  1907  76 

6.  The  Religion  of  the  Indians  of  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  319- 

356.    September,  1907  60 

Index,  pp.  357-374. 
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Washington  Matthews,  edited  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.  Pp.  21-63. 
September,  1907  „ .: .76 

3.  Kato  Texts,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  65-238,  plate  9.    December, 

1909    2.50 

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Pp.  239-292,  plates  10-25.     June,  1910 -.       .75 

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380.     August,  1910  1.00 

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uel Alfred  Barrett.    Pp.  1-832,  maps  1-2.    February,  1908 3.26 

2.  The  Geography  and  Dialects  of  the  Miwok  Indians,  by  Samuel  Alfred 

Barrett.    Pp.  333-368,  map  3. 

3.  On  the  Evidence  of  the  Occupation  of  Certain  Regions  by  the  Miwok 

Indians,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.   Pp.  369-380.    Nos.  2  and  3  in  one  cover. 

February,  1908  _ - -M 

Index,  pp.  381-400. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

AMERICAN    ARCHAEOLOGY  AND    ETHNOLOGY 

Vol.  11,  No.  7,  pp.  399-472  March  9,  1916 


THE  MUTSUN  DIALECT  OF  COSTANOAN 

BASED  ON  THE  VOCABULARY 

OF  DE  LA  CUESTA 


BY 

J.  ALDEN  MASON 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 400 

PART  I.    STRUCTURE 402 

General  Characteristics  402 

Phonetic  System 402 

Parts  of  Speech  405 

Nouns , 405 

Etymological  Suffixes  of  Nouns  406 

Morphological  Suffixes  of  Nouns  408 

Pronouns  411 

Verbs  411 

Etymological  Suffixes  of  Verbs  412 

Morphological  Suffixes  of  Verbs  415 

Adjectives 425 

Particles   426 

PART  II.    CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  STEMS 427 

Nouns 427 

Animals 427 

Botanical 429 

Body  Parts  430 

Manufactures,  Instruments 433 

Natural  Phenomena  435 

Words  of  More  Abstract  Significance  436 

Terms  of  Eelationship  and  Personal  Categories  437 

Numerals  ...  ...  439 


400         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

PAGE 

Pronouns  439 

Demonstratives  440 

Adjectival  Pronouns  440 

Interrogative  Pronouns  440 

Verbs  _ 441 

Adjectives  461 

Adverbs 466 

Locative  Adverbs  466 

Temporal  Adverbs  466 

Descriptive  and  Miscellaneous  Adverbs  _ 467 

Interjections 468 

POSTSCRIPT  ..  ...  470 


INTRODUCTION 

A  century  ago  Father  Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta,  one  of  the 
most  earnest  and  indefatigable  members  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  collected  a  mass  of  2884  words,,  phrases,  and  sentences 
from  the  language  of  the  Mutsun  Indians,  spoken  at  his  mission 
of  San  Juan  Bautista  near  Monterey,  California.  At  about  the 
same  time  he  composed  a  grammar  of  the  language,  which  is  one 
of  the  branches  of  the  Costanoan  linguistic  group.  These  two 
manuscripts  were  sent  by  Alexander  S.  Taylor  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institute,  which  loaned  them  for  publication  to  John  Gr.  Shea,  in 
whose  Library  of  American  Linguistics  they  appear  as  volumes 
iv  and  vin,  1861  and  1862.  Together  they  form  one  of  the  fullest 
and  most  complete  collections  of  data  extant  on  a  Pacific  Coast 
language.  There  is  little  doubt  that  the  missionary  knew  the 
language  well  and  interpreted  its  psychology  and  spirit  fairly 
correctly.  In  his  grammar  there  appears  less  strict  adherence  to 
the  form  and  structure  of  Latin  grammar,  less  subconscious 
premise  of  Latin  as  the  standard  par  excellence  than  is  generally 
found  in  grammars  of  this  time  and  type.  Nevertheless,  in  spite 
of  the  comparative  excellence  of  the  grammar,  but  because  of  its 
lack  of  scientific  arrangement,  unphonetic  orthography,  and  the 
foreign  tongue,  it  is  deemed  better  to  rearrange  and  formulate 
the  grammar,  using  as  a  basis  the  phrases  of  the  vocabulary. 

The  phrase-book  is  likewise  unfortunate  in  that  it  is  at  present 
almost  inaccessible  to  the  modern  student,  due  to  its  faulty  ar- 
rangement. This  is  done  alphabetically  according  to  the  initial 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  401 

letter  of  the  sentence,  the  various  stems  being  scattered  through- 
out the  nearly  three  thousand  sentences.  The  same  difficulties 
of  unphonetic  orthography  and  Spanish  language  likewise  obtain 
here. 

Several  years  ago  Dr.  Kroeber  had  the  majority  of  the 
phrases  comprising  the  more  important  of  the  sentences  copied 
to  a  card-index.  I  have  recently  spent  some  time  in  working  over 
the  material  thus  secured,  arranging  cards  according  to  stems  and 
isolating  grammatical  particles.  The  following  paper  embodies 
the  results  of  this  research. 

While  the  grammar  of  De  la  Cuesta  is  the  most  complete  ever 
published  on  a  Costanoan  language,  several  more  scientific 
treatises  have  been  produced  in  the  last  few  years,  principally 
by  the  University  of  California.  These  are,  "Languages  of  the 
Coast  of  California  South  of  San  Francisco, ' n  and  ' '  The  Chumash 
and  Costanoan  Languages."2  Other  pertinent  works  are  "Pho- 
netic Constituents  of  the  Native  Languages  of  California,"3 
"The  Native  Languages  of  California,"4  and  "New  Linguistic 
Families  in  California. '  '5 

The  present  paper  consists  of  two  parts,  first  an  exposition  of 
the  etymological  and  morphological  elements  upon  which  the 
structure  of  the  language  is  based,  and  second  a  list  of  the  various 
stems  of  all  classes  found  in  the  material,  though,  since  not  all 
of  the  phrases  were  transferred  to  cards,  this  does  not  entirely 
exhaust  all  those  in  the  original  phrase-book.  These  are  appended 
partly  as  reference  for  the  examples  of  morphological  and  ety- 
mological word-structure  previously  cited,  but  more  particularly 
as  an  aid  to  the  larger  work  of  comparison  of  Mutsun  with 
kindred  Costanoan  and  other  extra-group  languages.  The  recent 
proposal  of  the  "Penutian"  linguistic  family,  to  which  Mutsun 
would  belong,  renders  such  a  glossary  invaluable  for  purposes  of 
comparison. 


1  A.  L.  Kroeber,  present  series,  u,  29-80,  1904. 

2  Ibid.,  ix,  237-271,  1910. 
s  Ibid.,  x,  1-12,  1911. 

4  E.  B.  Dixon  and  A.  L.  Kroeber,  American  Anthropologist,  n.s.,  v, 
1-26,  1903. 

5  Ibid.,  n.s.,  xv,  647-655,  1913. 


402          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


PAET  I.    STBUCTUEE 

GENERAL  CHARACTERISTICS 

The  surprisingly  close  similarity  between  the  general  morpho- 
logic structure  and  Sprachgeist  of  Costanoan  and  other  languages 
of  its  type  and  Indo-European  has  already  been  noted  but  is 
none  the  less  striking.  The  main  characteristics  of  the  language 
may  be  thus  summarized.  Phonetic  simplicity  and  comparative 
unimportance  of  rules  of  phonetic  change;  complete  lack  of  in- 
corporation, either  nominal  or  pronominal;  complete  absence  of 
prefixes ;  independent  pronouns ;  nominal  case  endings ;  and  com- 
parative simplicity  of  categories  of  mood,  tense  and  number, 
necessitating  an  immense  number  of  dissimilar  stems  of  relatively 
slight  difference  in  significance. 

PHONETIC  SYSTEM 

The  phonetic  system  of  Mutsun  and  of  Costanoan  appears  to 
be  relatively  simple.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  all  appearing 
open  in  quality.  The  Spanish  orthography  is  perfectly  satis- 
factory for  expressing  these  sounds  and  no  change  has  been  made 
in  transcription.  Rarely  a  vowel  is  found  in  the  phrase-book  with 
circumflex  accent  and  very  rarely  with  acute  accent,  but  as  no 
uniformity  in  thus  spelling  any  word  is  evident,  and  as  the 
phonetic  variation  thus  expressed  is  not  described,  such  marks 
have  been  disregarded. 

The  consonants  seem  to  be  only  w,  y,  m,  n,  I,  r,  s,  c,  x,  h,  p, 
t,  t,  Jc,  and  tc.  m,  n,  I,  r,  s,  p,  and  t  (dental  or  interdental)  are 
probably  correctly  expressed  in  De  la  Cuesta's  Spanish  orthog- 
raphy and  are  left  unchanged,  w  is  generally  expressed  in 
Spanish  by  hu  with  following  vowel.  De  la  Cuesta  writes  hua, 
hue,  hui,  and  once  hiio.  He  further  uses  often  gua,  gue,  gui,  and 
guo  which  denote  in  Spanish  gwa,  gwe,  gwi  and  gwo.  There  is 
no  sonant  g  in  Costanoan,  though  the  k  has  an  intermediate 
quality.  We  find,  however,  that,  though  the  hu-  and  gu-  ortho- 
graphies are  each  generally  used  consistently  for  certain  stems, 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  403 

there  are  occasional  cases  of  identity,  e.g.,  guallun,  huallun, 
huolon,  "be  envious;"  huilo,  guilo,  "signal  'yes'  with  the  eyes;" 
huipa,  giiipa,  "invite";  gileren,  weren,6  "rabbit."  Similarly  the 
gu-  orthography  without  the  diaresis,  gue,  gui,  is  found  often. 
This  denotes  pure  sonant  g  in  Spanish,  a  sound  missing  in  Cos- 
tanoan. Instances  of  a  stem  both  with  and  without  the  diaresis 
are  common,  e.g.,  gueiero,  gileierogmin,  "great,"  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  such  omissions  of  the  diaresis  are  accidental.  Therefore 
all  hu-  and  gu-  orthographies  have  been  changed  uniformly  to  w. 
Medial  w  is  probably  expressed  by  u  with  following  vowel,  but 
it  often  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  given  u  is  vocalic  or 
consonantal. 

y  is  expressed  correctly  except  in  certain  combinations ;  De  la 
Cuesta's  n  probably  denotes  ny.  (In  a  few  cases  of  doubt  it  has 
been  retained  as  n,  as  in  suffix  pan. )  i  and  y  are  sometimes  inter- 
changed, as  yttug,  ittug,  ' '  a  seed. ' '  Here  also  it  is  often  difficult 
to  distinguish  vowel  and  consonant. 

c  (sh)  is  not  definitely  distinguished  by  De  la  Cuesta  but  is 
suggested  by  certain  sh,  sch  orthographies.  Had  he  distinguished 
the  sound  he  would  probably  have  written  it  with  an  x  in  accord 
with  older  Spanish  usage. 

x  (palatal  surd  fricative)  presents  some  difficulties.  Initially 
it  is  doubtless  represented  by  ja,  ge,  gi,  jo,  ju.  Medially  the  same 
orthography  is  utilized.  Final  x  seems  to  be  represented  by  g, 
e.g.,  uming,  mu'ix*  "wolf;"  eg,  ex,Q  "squirrel."  De  la  Cuesta's 
g  in  consonantal  combinations  offers  the  most  uncertain  of  the 
phonetic  problems,  tigsin,  "skunk,"  is  checked  by  Kroeber's 
tixsin*  rendering  it  practically  certain  that  g  in  this  case  repre- 
sents x.  On  the  other  hand,  g  before  m  and  n  probably  represents 
Jc.  Thus  cma  and  gma  are  both  used  as  a  plural  suffix,  gne  is  a 
common  passive  suffix.  Kroeber  has  nimikne  wdkai,6  "he  hit 
me,"  doubtless  the  same  suffix.  Kroeber  transcribes  tansagte, 
"ten,"  tansakte,  but  atsiagnis,  atsiaxnis.2  Substitution  has  here 
been  made  on  the  theory  that  g  before  a  surd  represents  the  con- 
tinuant x,  while  before  a  sonant  or  intermediate  it  represents  the 
palatal  stop  A;.7 


A.  L.  Kroeber,  MS. 

See  postscript  below,  p.  470. 


404         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

Initial  and  medial  k  may  be  silent,  as  in  modern  Spanish,  but 
since  it  is  regularly  employed  in  certain  stems,  and  as  both  h 
and  x  are  found  in  most  Costanoan  texts,  it  is  retained. 

t  is  the  tongue-blade  t  found  in  the  Costanoan  and  neighbor- 
ing languages.  De  la  Cuesta  wrote  variously  tr,  th,  thr,  thrs,  trs, 
etc.  It  is  often  difficult  to  decide  whether  the  last  consonant  of 
the  complex  is  a  distinct  sound  or  not. 

Following  Spanish  usage,  k  is  denoted  by  De  la  Cuesta  by  c 
before  a,  o  and  u,  and  by  qu  before  e  and  i. 

The  affricative  tc  is  regularly  written  by  De  la  Cuesta  ch  but 
often  confused  with  t. 

Doubled  letters,  both  consonants  and  vowels,  are  frequently 
met  with  in  De  la  Cuesta 's  orthography.  As  these  are  foreign  to 
the  Spanish  language,  except  in  the  cases  of  II  and  rr,  it  is  as- 
sumed that  the  device  is  employed  to  express  length  or  duration 
of  the  sound  and  is  therefore  expressed  in  the  present  paper  as 
the  simple  sound  followed  by  inverted  period,  in  accord  with 
modern  usage. 

The  Spanish  language  is,  on  the  whole,  a  far  better  medium 
for  the  recording  of  unfamiliar  languages  by  an  untrained  ear 
than  the  unrevised  English.  In  the  great  majority  of  cases  there 
is  no  question  as  to  the  exact  phonetic  rendering  of  the  native 
words,  and  in  a  great  number  of  cases  they  may  be  left  in  their 
original  forms.  Only  in  cases  where  sounds  unfamiliar  to  the 
Spanish  ear  occur  is  difficulty  found.  Such  are  w,  the  peculiar 
tongue-blade  t  common  to  certain  California  languages,  and  un- 
Castillian  combinations  of  sounds.  Little  difficulty  has  therefore 
been  encountered  in  transcribing  the  native  words  to  modern 
phonetic  orthography,  which  is  doubtless  an  advisable  procedure. 

The  chances  for  frequent  error  in  so  many  transcriptions  and 
changes  in  authorship  are  too  great  to  allow  any  phonetic  dis- 
crimination or  any  elucidation  of  the  finer  and  less  evident  points 
of  the  language.  Shea's  impression  is  replete  with  errors  of 
transcription  from  the  Padre's  manuscript,  and  these  may  be 
increased  in  the  present  digest.  Many  words  are  spelt  variantly, 
sometimes  on  the  authority  of  the  original,  at  other  times  mani- 
festly due  to  improper  reading  of  the  manuscript.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  with  regard  to  the  easily  confused  m,  n,  u,  and  i. 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  405 

Nevertheless,  a  few  pertinent  remarks  may  be  made  on  Mutsun 
phonetic  laws.  The  language  is  phonetically  smooth  and  simple, 
the  average  word  being  an  orderly  alternation  of  consonant  and 
vowel.  Either  consonant  or  vowel  may  begin  or  end  a  word,  but 
consonantal  combinations  seem  to  be  missing  initially  or  finally, 
the  few  recorded  cases  being  probably  due  to  error.  Medially 
certain  combinations  are  permitted,  though  it  is  not  easy  to  de- 
termine these.  Thus,  lalak-na,  ' '  go  for  geese, ' '  becomes  by  meta- 
thesis lalkana.  Similarly,  certain  suffixes  are  varied  in  order  to 
avoid  unwieldly  and  harsh  complexes,  as  kai-s,  but  men-se  (in- 
terrogative) ;  uta-kma,  but  inis-mak  (plural) .  There  appears  also 
to  be  a  feeling  for  vocalic  harmony,  and  some  suffixes  are  varied 
to  the  end  that  their  vowel  may  correspond  and  harmonize  with 
the  characteristic  or  stem  vowel  of  the  word.  Thus  sumi-ri-ni, 
but  towo-ro-ste;  xana-ksa,  but  tare-kse.  Again  certain  vowels 
seem  to  be  dominants  and  survive  in  assimilation  or  elision.  Thus 
the  past  tense  suffixes  -is  and  -in  are  dominant  and  -kne-is  be- 
comes -knis;  -pu-in,  -pin.  A  thorough  phonetic  study  of  the  lan- 
guage would  doubtless  codify  all  these  rules  and  elucidate  many 
others. 

PARTS  OP  SPEECH 

Mutsun  recognizes  as  parts  of  speech  the  noun,  pronoun,  verb, 
adjective  and  particle,  though,  as  in  English,  the  division  is  a 
more  or  less  artificial  one,  the  lines  of  demarcation  are  not  hard 
and  fast,  and  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  assign  properly  a  given 
word,  which  may  not  uncommonly  function  in  several  categories 
without  change  in  form. 

NOUNS 

The  great  majority  of  Mutsun  nominal  stems  are  dissyllabic 
or  trisyllabic.  A  few  of  the  most  common  stems,  such  as  many 
body-parts,  are  monosyllabic,  and  a  very  few  apparently  poly- 
syllabic stems  are  found.  Nominal  stems  appear  never  to  be 
compounded  and  are  varied  only  by  the  addition  of  a  few  suf- 
fixes. Stems  appear  to  begin  and  end  with  either  vowel  or  con- 
sonant without  discrimination,  and  there  seem  to  be  no  categories 
of  stem  types,  such  as  for  animate  or  inanimate,  natural  or  arti- 


406         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

ficial.  That  is,  it  is  not  possible  to  infer  from  the  form  of  the 
word  or  from  its  suffix  the  category  to  which  it  belongs.  Yet  there 
are  a  few  etymological  suffixes  in  occasional  use.  Those  making 
verbs  are  given  below;  those  forming  nouns  follow  here. 

Etymological  Suffixes  of  Nouns 

1.  -n,   resultative,   infinitive.     Suffixed   to   verbal   or   other 
stems  denotes  result  or  phenomenon  of  an  act. 

noso-n  breath,  spirit,  soul 

sike-n  flatus 

paine-n  menstruation 

ots-io-n  wound 

sawe-n  song 

Possible  cognate: 

tor-on  amole 

xasi-om  shame 

mira-mi-n  gift 

es(x)e-n  dress 

isme-n  sun 

2.  -s,  -s-e,  (-se,  -si),  causative,  abstractive.    Suffixed  to  verbal 
or  other  stems  denotes  cause  or  phenomenon  of  an  act,  and  is 
generally  used  with  words  of  abstract  significance. 

una  cure  una-s  remedy 

ritca  speak  ritca-s-e  language 

isut  dream  isut-s-e  a  dream 

kapal(a)  embrace  kapala-si  an  embrace 

kai  hurt  kai-s  pain 

ete  sleep  et-se  sleepiness 

xase  become  angry          xa-s  anger 

xemtso  silent  xenkotst-e  silence 

Probable  cognate  is : 

3.  -pis,  (-mis,  -sis),  instrumental.    Suffixed  to  verbal  or  other 
stems  denotes  instrument  or  means  for  the  performance  of  an 
act. 


xewe  east  shadow,  re-  xewe-pis  shadow,  reflection 

fleet 

at-ue  watch  at-as-pis  lookout 

eyes  beard,  shave  eyes-pis  beard-napkin 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  407 

itok  cleanse  itok-pis  table-cloth,  napkin 

roro(s)  play  roro-mis  toy 

isme-n  sun  isme-sis  clock 

sukumu  smoke  sukumu-s-pis  end  of  cigar 

4.  -msa,    (-nsa),  instrumental.     Suffixed  to  verbal  or  other 
steins  denotes  instrument  or  means  for  the  performance  of  an  act. 

humiri  baptize  humiri-msa  baptismal  font 

ene  write  ene-msa  eraser,  blotter 

ama  eat  ama-nsa  meals 

tcala  urinate  tcala-msa  bladder 

iisi  owe  isi-msa  debts 

Probably  also : 

unupimsa  handkerchief 

rotemsa  papers 

siamalpimsa  confession 

yisuwaninsa  corns 

5.  -pan,  -pan,  agentive.    Suffixed  to  verbal  stems  denotes  the 
more  or  less  habitual  doer  of  an  act  or  the  exponent  of  a  quality. 

yume-pan  liar 

maxer-pan  one  who  makes  sport  of  another  with 

the  eyes 

notio-pan  one  who  denies  the  truth 

nimi-pan  beater 

yoso-pan  lustful,  lecherous 

latue-pan  one  who  is  always  making  signs  with 

the  tongue 

ol-ue-pan  one  who  signals  with  his  hand 

pitciwi-pan  cleanser  of  hair 

li-pan  hider 

nimi-pan  striker,  hitter 

Other  isolated  examples  of  etymological  nominal  suffixes  are : 

ruk  cord  ruk-esma  doubled  cord 

upu  buy  upu-nsatpa  payment 

usupu  fast  usupu-hai  Lent,  time  of  fast- 

ing 

mai-xi  laugh  mai-t  a  laugh,  laughing 

mira  give  present  mira-x,   mira-          gift 

mi-n 
koxo  load  of  meat  koxo-enis  bringer  of  load  of 

meat 
pux-ta  make  bread  pux-uts  bread 


408         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

krak-e  name,  call  krak-at  a  name 

soko-te  laurel  soko-tci  laurel  fruit 

rite  decorate  with  rite-ni  feminine  adorn- 

beads  ment 

mukur-ukispu         act  like  a  mukur-ma  woman 

woman 

Reduplication  seems  to  play  an  unimportant  role  in  Mutsun 
morphology.  A  few  words  are  found  in  which  the  first  syllable  is 
reduplicated  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  phenomenon  is  of 
any  morphological  importance.  Practically  all  of  the  instances 
occur  with  names  of  animals  or  plants. 

mumuri  fly 

mumulaluk  butterfly 

lalak  geese 

lukluk  geese 

kakari  raven 

soksoklan  sensonte 

porpor  cottonwood 

totolua  plantain 


Morphological  Suffixes  of  Nouns 

The  Mutsun  language  is  a  comparatively  simple  one  morpho- 
logically, being  quite  comparable  to  modern  European  languages 
in  this  respect.  But  few  changes  in  inflection  for  the  declension 
of  nouns  and  the  conjugation  of  verbs  are  found.  These  will  be 
noted  below. 

The  noun  is  inflected  for  differences  in  number,  case,  and  in 
some  cases  even  for  person.  Gender  is,  as  commonly  in  Ameri- 
can languages,  not  recognized,  unless  in  sporadic  etymological 
categories. 

Many,  if  not  all,  animate  nouns  take  a  pluralizing  suffix. 
This  is : 

6.  -Jcma,  -mak,  plural. 

sini  boy  sini-kma,  sin-  boys 

ksma 

ataspis-mak  lookouts 

uta-kma  parents 

uhinis-mak  fishermen 

uras-mak  holerdiggers 

atsia  girl  atsiai-kma  girls 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  409 

pasear  (Sp.)  poseor-is-mak  passers-by 

watcir-on-mak  the  Guachirunos 

ka  daughter  ka-kma  daughters 

inis  son  inis-mak  sons 


It  is  also  used  with  substantive  adjectives. 

-kma  is  doubtless  the  original  form  and  is  used  after  a  vowel, 
-mdk  being  employed  after  a  consonant  to  avoid  harsh  complexes, 
though  there  are  exceptions. 

There  appears  to  be  no  dual  number. 

The  various  nominal  case  relations  are  expressed  by  suffixes 
which  may  be  interpreted  as  postpositions,  but  are  probably  as 
correctly  explained  as  true  case  inflections.  These  are: 

7.  -was,  -uas,  compositional)  partitive,  material. 

ores-was  tap  hide  of  bear 

xut-was  tote  meat  of  belly 

xurek-war  ruk  cord  of  sinew 

orpe-was  etse  middle  of  night 

8.  -me,  terminative. 

patre-me  into  the  house  of  the  Padre 

me-me  to  you,  with  you 


9.  -se,  -s-e,  -ne,  -he,  objective. 

aisa-ne  (see)  them 

kairka-s-e  (try)  pinole 

moro-s-e  (hunt)  molea 

krakat-se  (know)  name 

kapxan-ne  (strike)  three 

inu-se  (take)  road 

soton-he  (blow)  fire 
etc. 


10.  -sun,  -sum,  -um,  instrumental. 

ak-sun  (die)  of  hunger 

mait-sun  (die)  of  laughing 

tala-sun  (die)  of  heat 

ekwets-sum  (conceived)  in  sin,  (choked)  with  sin 

xai-um  (speak)  with  the  mouth 

urkan-um  (thresh)  with  the  mortar 


410          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


11.  -tka,  -tdk,  locative. 


tapur-tak 

urkan-tak 

xumes-tak 

ote-tka 

wima-k-tak 

ekwaesti-tak 


(hung)  in  tree 
(grind)  in  mortar 
(hidden)  in  grass 
(speak)  in  ear 
(wound)  in  wing 
(wallow)  in  sin 


-tka  seems  to  follow  vowels,  -tak  consonants  to  avoid  com- 
plexes. 

12.  -tu,  comitative. 

tanses-tu  (eat)  with  younger  brother 

ap-a-tu  (dance)  with  father 

A  possible  suffix  with  more  the  force  of  a  postposition  is : 

13.  -tun,  -turn,  regressive. 

tina  here  tina-tun,  tina-          from  here 

turn 

In  the  case  of  terms  of  relationship  there  are  sometimes  di- 
verse endings  according  to  the  grammatical  person.    Thus : 


apa 

ana 

taka 

tare 

taha 

papa 

et-e 

teire 

xan-a 

sit 

me(ne) 


1 

father 
mother 

14.  -s(8), 
"my' 
apsa 
ansa 

elder  brother 

taksa 

younger  brother 
elder  sister 

tarekse 
tahasa 

grandfather 
grandfather 
grandmother 
wife 

papsa 
et-se 
tcirsi 
xan-aksa 

child 

grandmother 

mense 

15.  -t(8), 
"thy1 


tarekte 


16.  -n(8),  n, 
"his" 


taknan 


tahanan 


tcinin 
xan-an 
sitnun 
menen 


The  basis  of  this  is  plainly  an  infixation  of  -s-  before  the  char- 
acteristic vowel  for  the  first  person  possessive  and  the  substitu- 
tion of  -n8n  for  the  third  person,  where  8  represents  the  char- 
acteristic vowel.  The  8k  of  tar-ek-se  and  xan-ak-sa  are  sporadic. 
This  may  be  the  vestige  of  a  once  fully  functional  genitive  case. 
No  other  instances  are  found  in  the  language.  The  -i-  of  the 
second  person  is  very  dubious. 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  411 

PRONOUNS 

The  pronoun,  as  before  stated,  is  independent  and  never  mor- 
phologically welded  with  the  verb  or  other  part  of  speech.  The 
six  representatives  of  the  two  numbers  and  three  persons  are  dis- 
tinct and  those  of  the  third  person  seem  to  have  little  or  no 
demonstrative  force.  The  case  endings,  particularly  the  -s  of  the 
objective,  are  suffixed  also  to  the  pronouns.  The  possessive  pro- 
noun is  often  identical  with  the  subjective  form,  though  generally 
one  form  is  exclusively  subjective.  The  pronoun  has  a  tendency 
toward  combination  with  other  pronouns  and  particles.  Thus 
we  find  such  forms  as  ka-mcs,  "I-you,"  this  being  the  most 
frequent;  kat  (ka-et),  "I  in  future  time";  kas-hiha,  "I  also." 

The  pronominal  stems  are  monosyllabic  or  at  the  most  dis- 
syllabic and  quite  dissimilar  for  the  various  persons.  The  first 
and  second  personal  plural  pronouns,  however,  commence  with 
the  syllable  mak-,  doubtless  cognate  with  the  pluralizing  suffix 
-mak. 

Demonstrative  and  adjectival  pronouns  are  numerous  and 
invariable. 

Detailed  lists  of  all  classes  of  pronouns  will  be  found  in 
Part  II. 

VERBS 

The  typical  Mutsun  verbal  stem  is  dissyllabic,  ending  in  a 
characteristic  vowel.  This  may  even  be  the  invariable  rule,  ap- 
parent infractions  and  exceptions  being  due  to  error  or  presence 
of  unsuspected  etymological  or  morphological  elements.  The 
characteristic  vowel  is  not  inalienably  welded  to  the  stem,  since 
certain  infixes  are  added  between  stem  and  characteristic. 

Like  nouns,  verb  stems  take  no  prefixes,  all  morphological 
mechanism  being  attained  by  means  of  suffixes.  A  few  solitary 
examples  of  possible  verb-stem  combination  have  been  found 
which  may  be  differently  interpreted  on  fuller  acquaintance  with 

the  language. 

up-xi(ni)  roll,  fall  (scissors) 

xin(e)  go,  walk 

up-uru(ni)  slip,  fall  (person) 

uru(ni)  fall 

up-ki  roll,  seize  (log) 

at-ki  break,  seize  (log) 

at-e,  atse  break 


412          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

Reduplication  of  verbal  steins  is  practically  unknown  in  Mut- 
sun.  A  few  sporadic  cases  are  found,  however,  which  seem  to  have 
the  iterative  significance  frequently  denoted  by  this  means  in 
American  languages. 

polso  painted  polpolsi  dotted,  streaked 

tule  knock  tultul-e  palpitate 

pulpul-e  palpitate 

tipe  wander  tiptipe  wander 

It  is  a  difficult  and  largely  an  artificial  task  to  separate  verbal 
particles  into  etymological  and  morphological  elements.  Never- 
theless certain  of  these  appear  to  belong  to  the  former  category 
and  others  may  be  placed  there  merely  for  the  lack  of  evidence 
of  morphological  significance. 


Etymological  Suffixes  of  Verbs 

17.  -te,  possessive.     Suffixed  to  nominal  stems  denotes  pos- 
session of  the  object. 

otco-te  possess  ears 

kraka-te  possess  name 

sitnun-te  have  children 

pultci-te  have  full  breasts 

18.  -kis-,  (-wis-,  -pwis-),  imitative.      Suffixed  to  nominal  or 
other  stems  denotes  imitation  of  person  or  act.     The  reflexive 
suffix  -pu  is  normally  added. 

mam-anxa-kis-pui  act  like  a  fool 

mukene-pwis-pu  act  like  a  man 

mukuru-kis-pu  act  like  women 

monsie-kis-pu,  (-wis-pu)  act  like  a  sensible  person 

sawe-wis-pu  pretend  to  sing 

19.  -no,,  purposive.    The  verbal  suffix  -na,  "go  to  do,"  func- 
tions also  as  an  etymological  suffix  to  noun  stems,  denoting  in 
this  case  "go  for." 

lalak  geese  lalka-na  go  for  geese 

sirak  nuts  sirka-na  go  for  nuts 

weren  rabbit  were-na  go  for  rabbits 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  413 

20.  -mi,  dative.    Likewise  the  verbal  suffix  -mi  may  be  suffixed 
directly  to  nouns,  functioning  as  an  etymological  suffix  and  de- 
noting gift  of  the  object.    It  is  generally  or  always  used  with  the 
imperative  and  the  first  person  singular  object. 

ruxe  arrow  ruxe-mi-tit  give  me  arrows 

ma-ter  tobacco  ma-sue-mi-tit  give  me  tobacco 

setne  acorn-bread  setne-si-mi-t  give  me  bread 

21.  -ti,  substantive.     A  possible  substantive  suffix  is  found 
once: 

tanses  brother  tanses-ti-(s)  be  a  brother 

22.  -u-,  oppositional.     Infixed  before  characteristic  vowel  of 
verbal  or  other  stems  denotes  significance  opposite  to  that  of 
simple  stem. 

rip 

untie 

loose 

untie  knot 

open  with  key 

freed 

open,  unfold 

23.  -r-,  excessive.     Followed  by  the  characteristic  vowel  ap- 
pears to  denote  a  psychological  cause  for  the  condition  described. 

sumi  be  content  sumi-ri-ni  sleep  from  satiety 

siwi  burn  siwi-ri-ni  sunocate  from  heat 

towo  be  rigid  towo-ro-ste  be  stiff  from  cold 

seso  shiver  seso-r-po,  shiver  from  fear 

(seso-n) 

24.  -t-,  corporeal.    Followed  by  a  vowel  in  harmony  with  pre- 
ceding one  generally  refers  to  action  with  or  on  parts  of  body. 

latue-te  long  tongue,  (he)  extends  his  tongue 

1-eLuer-te  roll  (eyes)  too  much 

kai-ti  tighten  (it)!  make  (it)  fast! 

rau-ta-smin  with  large  occiput 

mup-tu  shut  your  mouth! 

pelte,  pete  shut  eyes 

pete(ni)  keep  mouth  closed 

poto  pluck  hairs 

kapata  cross  hands 


xit-a 

sew 

xit-ua 

pit-e 
pat-i 
rotko 

tie 
seize,  grab 
knot 

pit'ue 
pat-ue 
rotuk 

kitca 
rotcio 
tcuni,  tunuu 

lock  with  key 
enveloped 
fold,  pleat 

kitcua 
rotciwe(wi) 
tcunuhwi 

414         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


25.  -te,  -ti,  (-it). 

tere-ti-s 
nam-ti,  nam-it 
kili-te 
yata-ti,  xop-o-ti, 

ilsi-mi-ti,  olte-mi-ti 
insu-ti,  insu-te 
upxi-ti  (or  upxi) 
wipa-ti 
ole-ti 

ina-ti-s 
esoni-ti 
lopx-ti-ni-n 


(you)  have  cut  (your  hair) 

(I  have  not)  understood,  heard 

(it)  sparkles 

(did  he  give  you)  anything,  a  drink, 

meat,  pinole? 
(you)  know  (it) 
(let  me)  drink  a  little 
(will)  invite  (you) 
(I)    seized    (it),    (what)    could    (you 

do?) 

(I)  became  sick 
(you)  hate  (the  language) 
grew  mouldy  (wheat) 


Possibly  the  same  suffix  is  found  in  the  imperative  with  first 
person  singular  object,  -t  or  -ti-t.  It  is  a  doubtful  suffix ;  no  at- 
tempt is  made  to  explain  it. 

26.  -wi,  -we. 


inu-wi-me-i 

rus-u-wi-kne 

tip-wi 

nansa-we 

pak-a-we 

lala-wi-s 


remind  (him)  ! 

spit 

(you)  shorten  (confession) 

(he  went)  to  try 

(may  they)  gather  (them)  ! 

he  threw  him 


27.  -si. 


xasiwa-si 

xeksio-si-n 

xima-si-kun 

mexe-si 

pati-si 

nan-mi-si 

pak-a-si 

puti-si 

uta-si-mi-t 

at-se-i 

xelue-si-tit 

musi-si 


(xelue-mi-tit) 


scratch  the  boys '  heads ! 

(have  you)  satisfied  (him)? 

(we)  have  searched  for  (them) 

(let  me)  be  seeing;  look! 

(that  which)  he  has  in  his  hand 

(I)  was  listening  (to  them) 

he  seeks  (us) 

(I)  am  blowing  (the  fire) 

guard  me! 

break  it! 

flay,  strip  for  me! 

(child)  is  sucking 


This  suffix  may  be  cognate  with  the  mandatory  -si  (No.  45) 
but  the  resemblance  is  not  evident. 

Other  possible  etymological  suffixes  are : 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


415 


rukesma 
xotio 
ruk-a 
mat-er 


wi-xi 

tor-on 

xasi-om 

xan-an 

xakua 


a  doubled  cord 

rukesma-te 

a  bag 

xotio-  (si)  -nme 

house 

ruk-sap-(in) 

tobacco 

mat-uk-(ti) 
mat.-ere-gn-in 

fish 

wi-ni 

amole 

tor-ke- 

shame 

xasi-mun 

wife 
mussels 

xan-an-mi-(n) 
xakua-ikus 

make  countless  in- 
terweavings 

(order  to)  make  a 
bag 

(they  have)  made 
houses 

give  (me)  tobacco 

(he)  was  intoxi- 
cated 

catch  fish 

bring  amole 

be  ashamed 

(was)  married 

I  went  for  mussels 


Morphological  Suffixes  of  Verbs 

The  verbal  stem  is  variously  modified  for  considerations  of 
tense,  voice,  various  modal  significances,  and  to  some  extent  for 
number. 

The  unmodified  stem  is  used  alone  for  the  present  tense  and 
with  temporal  adverbial  particles  to  express  the  future. 

The  most  frequent  temporal  suffix  is  -n.  This  is  generally 
translated  by  the  Spanish  preterit,  but  frequently  also  by  the 
present.  It  may  have  an  indefinite  or  aoristic  sense,  or  denote 
incompleteness  or  continuance  of  action,  and  is  found  mainly 
with  intransitive  verbs. 

28.  -(i}n,  indefinite. 


totio-n 

tio-n 

ilo-n. 

towo-n 

ketio-n 

yati-n 

xati-n 

xirwi-ni-n 

tursi-ni-n 

terpe-ni-n 

tempe-ni-n 

loe-ni-n 

letse-ni-n 

isiwe-n 


(whenever  I)  err 

(I)  shoot  (with  my  left  hand) 

(whenever  a  house)  burns 

(you  will  be)  frozen 

(I)  argue  (with  him) 

(he)  follows  (you) 

(I)  am  dying 

(rain)  is  ceasing 

(he)  is  cold 

(I)  have  peppered  my  throat 

(soon  the  river)  will  dry  up 

(he)  nauseated  (you) 

(I)  liked  (that) 

(when  they)  rest 


416         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

29.  -(i)s,  past  tense.    This  is  less  common  than  -n.    It  appears 
to  be  a  more  definite  past  and  is  found  mainly  with  transitive 
verbs. 

yoreti-s  (he)  chased  (me) 

katia-mi-s  (he)  gave  (you) 

mistu-s  (you)  warmed  yourself 

mexe-npi-s  (I)  have  seen  (them) 

wipa-s  (I)  invited  (you) 

30.  -(i}kun,  past  tense.    This  is  the  less  frequent  past  ending 
and  appears  principally  with  transitive  verbs.    It  is  probably  the 
most  remote  of  the  past  tenses,  but  as  all  three  of  these  are  regu- 
larly translated  by  the  bare  Spanish  preterit,  it  is  most  difficult 
to  delimit  their  respective  spheres.    The  examples  seem  to  imply 
completion  of  action. 

uxsini-kun  (you)  have  increased 

ut-ui-kun  (I)  guarded  (it) 

uxei-kun  (I)  have  guarded  (it) 

oioi-kun  (he)  seized  (it) 

oisio-kun  (it)  happened  again 

The  distinction  between  the  categories  of  intransitive  and 
transitive  is  not  as  close  as  in  many  Pacific  languages,  and  there 
is  no  invariable  designating  particle  for  either.  Certain  suffixes, 
however,  pertain  to  one  or  the  other  type.  One  of  the  commonest 
suffixes  in  the  language  is  -ni,  which  appears  on  the  whole  to  be 
a  kind  of  intransitive  suffix. 

31.  -ni,  intransitive. 

orko-ni-n,  (orko-ste)  *,we)  were  frightened 

inu-ni-n  (you  could  not;  imagine  (me) 

in-u-ni-n  (I)  awoke 

istu-ni-n  (I)  dreamt  o±  (you) 

(wate-na)  xamu-ni-n  (fire)  is  dying,  (is-going  dying) 

(wate-na)  lak-e-ni-n  ^sunj  is  rising,  (is-going  rising) 

eme-ni-n  (I  was  going)  to  forget  (it) 

inxa-ni-n  (I)  am  sick,  have  become  sick,  (you) 

are  sick 

muk-ie-ni-n  (I)  am  old  woman 

semo-ni-n  (it  wants  little  time  for  me)  to  die 

tursi-ni-n  (he)  is  cold 

tupu-ni-n  (I)  put  my  finger  in  my  eye 

suiu-ni-n  (suiu-ste)  it  was  finished,  consumed,  used  up 

tisku-ni-n  (did  this)  break? 

xupse-ni-n  (my  hair)  is  fixed  and  prepared 

xasli-ni-n  (be  ye  not)  sad 
ad  infinitum 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  417 

The  nearest  approach  to  a  transitive  suffix  is  -np,  which  seems 
to  express  action  directed  toward  another  person. 

32.  -np(e),  transitive. 

titi-np-in  he  defended  (me) 

itco-np-itit  pull  me  out ! 

tolso-npe  (I  will)  break  (your  feet) 

lilui-npe  (we  will)  amuse  (you) 

ruima-npe  do  not  disturb  (him) 

munsu-npe  (ye  have)  soiled  it 

mus.i-np-itit-yut  warm  ye  me! 

mene-npe  (how  can  I)  forget  (you?) 

mane-np-in  (has  he)  forgotten  (ye?) 

tupu-np-in  (I)  put  my  finger  in  (his)  eye 

Reflexive  relations  are  very  frequent  and  expressed  by  the 
suffix: 

33.  -pu,  -p-,  reflexive. 

lixin-pu  I  will  kill  myself 

lix-p-in  she  killed  herself 

ita-pu  (do  you)  wash  yourself? 

eyes-pu  shave  oneself 

tcai-pu  praise  oneself 

axa-pu  (have  ye  not)  combed  yourselves? 

xat-a-pu-i  hit  yourself 

tak-e-p-is  (I)  measured  myself 

orko-p-in-se-me  did  you  frighten  yourself? 

un-pi-na  (I)  am  going  to  cure  myself 

In  many  cases  -pu  appears  to  be  used  idiomatically,  the  re- 
flexive function  being  obscure. 

buy  upu-s-pu  sell 

uni                             crave,  wish  uni-s-pu  consent 

inu                            awake,  remem-  inu-s-pu  observe,  know,  see, 

ber  feel 

nip. a                         teach  nip-a-p-in  they     will     teach 

(him  never) 

ritca                          speak  ritca-pu  play,  entertain 

Reciprocal  relations  are  expressed  by  the  suffix : 

34.  -mu,  reciprocal. 

xata-mu  let  us  fight 

lix-mu  we  will  kill  each  other 

keye-mu  (do  not)  trample  each  other 

is-u-mu  play  together! 

hutcu-mu-t  lift  each  other! 


418         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

The  passive  voice  is  of  considerable  importance  in  Mutsun 
morphology  and  seems  to  be  preferred  to  the  active  as  a  method 
of  expression  whenever  possible.  It  is  expressed  by  the  suffix : 

35.  -kne,  passive  voice. 

mexe-kne  (me)  (you)  will  be  seen 

mira-kne  (me)  (you)  will  be  given  a  gift 

mupa-kne  (nep.e)  (this)  is  sucked 

ole-kne  (they)  are  (not)  caught 

like-kne  (me)  (you)  will  be  killed 

lokuk-kne  (xin)  (the  eye)  is  put  out 

lala-kn-is  (haka)  (he)  was  thrown  down 

ut-u-kne  (nep-e)  (this)  is  guarded 

liwa-kn-is  (arrow)  was  hidden 

mat.-ere-kn-in  (he)  was  intoxicated 

Probably  cognate  with  this  is  the  suffix  -ne  with  which  it  is 
in  cases  interchangeable,  -ne  often  denotes  a  future  passive,  at 
other  times  its  exact  use  is  not  clear. 

36.  -ne,  future  passive. 

nansa-si-ne  (when  we)  try 

mexe-si-ne  (you)  will  be  seen 

yume-si-ne  (you)  will  be  cheated 

xiraste-pu-ne  will  (you)  be  reprimanded! 

eise-kte-ne-s  have  (you)  shaved  yourself? 

Another  suffix  with  a  passive  force  is  -stap.  This  seems  to 
refer  entirely  to  completed  passive  action,  and  a  great  number  of 
the  examples  noted  have  a  first  person  singular  subject. 

37.  -stap,  perfect  passive. 

ruta-stap  (feathers)  recently  pulled 

pele-stap  (with  what)  was  (this)  stuck? 

potsie-stap  (I)  was  censured 

katia-stap  they  gave  rations 

ixtci-stap  (ne)  was  bitten  by  a  snake 

liki-stap  (I)  was  killed 

xise-stap  (the  fat  ones)  have  been  selected 

mutiku-stap  (I)  have  been  tickled 

The  modal  categories  are  considerably  less  extensive  than 
commonly  in  American  languages  but  rather  better  developed 
than  in  Indo-European. 

The  imperative  is  expressed  by  suffixes  varying  for  number 
and  person  of  subject  and  object.  Thus : 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  419 

Intransitive  or 

Imperative  1st  pers.  ol>j.  3d  pers.  obj. 

2d  pers.  sing.  subj.       38.  -t,  -tit  39.  -i 

2d  pers.  plu.  subj.        40.  -tyut, -tityut         41.  -(i)yut 

xima-t  seek  me ! 

ima-t  show  me  (it) ! 

oltemi-tit  give  me  pinole ! 

ip-e-i  turnaround! 

oio-i  seize  it ! 

xima-i  seek  him ! 

ok-wo-i  send  them! 

ot-emi-tit-yut  give  me  pinole ! 

sumua-ti-yut  give  me  wood ! 

oto-yut  go  for  atole ! 

otciko-yut  be  quiet ! 

laisaisi-yut  sing  slowly ! 

at-e-ti-yut  give  him! 

ara-ti-yut  give  him ! 

hutcu-m-ut  lift  each  other ! 

Another  suffix  with  an  imperative  force  is  -is.  This  implies 
going  to  some  other  place  to  accomplish  the  command  and  may  be 
termed  the 

42.  -is,  missionary  imperative. 

monse-is  go  and  tell  (them; ! 

sak-a-is  go  and  bring  (pinole) ! 

taska-is  go  and  walk  (in  the  field) ! 

etue-is  go  and  release  (it) ! 

oi-is  go  and  get  (it)  ! 

xi-is  go  for  fire! 

There  appear  to  be  some  terminations  having  the  effect  of  a 
subjunctive.  These  are : 

43.  -tkun,  subjunctive,  hypothetical. 

ara-tkun  (you)  should  give  (him) 

kati-tkun  thus  should  (I  dress) 

ko-tkun  (you)  should  tell  (me) 

ko.-tkun,  kwo.-tkum 

on-o-tkun  (he)  would  have  made  sport  (of  you), 

speaking  (of  you)  after  death 

oi-tkun  (I)  would  get  (it  if  I  wanted  it) 

44.  -kane,  conditional. 

ole-ti-kane  if  I  could  only  catch  them! 

toko-kti-kane  if  the  bed  is  of  .... 

tax-kane  when  it  is  asked 

ak-niu-kane  when  he  is  thirsty 


420         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

There  may  be  some  relation  to  the  passive  particle  kne. 
Iterative  or  frequentative  relations  are  expressed  by  the  suffix 
or  infix  -s,  placed  between  the  stem  and  the  characteristic  vowel. 

45.  -s,  iterative. 

ak-u  enter  aksu  many  enter 

ele-pu  go  else-pu  many  go 

epe  pass  epse  many  pass 

semo(n)  die  semso(n)  many  die 

De  la  Cuesta  pays  considerable  attention  to  this  suffix  in  his 
grammar,  suggesting  that  it  is  frequent  with  every  verbal  stem. 
Strangely,  very  few  unquestionable  examples  of  it  are  found  in 
the  phrase-book. 

Probably  the  same  morphological  element  is  that  found  in 
many  cases  following  the  characteristic  vowel,  particularly  before 
the  reflexive  -pu,  denoting  in  that  case  plural  or  iterative  re- 
flexive. It  is  also  commonly  found  in  words  denoting  occupations, 
i.e.,  one  who  performs  an  act  continually.  Compare  the  nouns 
denoting  personal  categories  in  Part  II. 

amae-s-pu  (do  not)  amuse  yourselves 

roroi-s-pu  (do  not)  disport  yourselves  like  boys 

siole-s-p-is  (we)  were  talking  among  ourselves 

xewe-s-pu  (we)  both  look  together  into  the  mirror 

Other  usages  are  more  idiomatic  and  less  evident. 

ritca-is-pu  recount,  converse     (ritcapu,  play) 

upu-s-pu  sell  (upu,  buy) 

siole-s-pu  (they)  are  solitary  and  sad 

mexe-s-pu  (like  as  he)  looked 

The  mandatory  or  causative  relation  is  expressed  by  the 
suffix: 

46.  -si,  (-se),  mandative. 

xotio-si-nme  you  have  ordered  that  they  make  a  bag 

mana-si-s  (you)  commanded  to  extinguish  it 

ata-si-s  (you)  commanded  (me)  to  steal 

pina-se-s  did  (I)  order  this? 

Three  relations  implying  motion  are  of  importance  in  Mutsun. 
The  first,  -na,  denotes  motion  to  a  distant  place  or  outdoors. 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  421 

19.  -na,  purposive  motion  hence. 

lixni-na  (he)  is  going  to  kill  (it) 

xiisi-na  (I)  am  going  to  catch  (them) 

paita-na  (let  us)  go  and  catch  (them) 

wate-na   (lak-e-nin)  (sun)  is  rising;  (going-rising) 

wate-na  (wetere-nin)  (it)  is  increasing;  (going-increasing) 

ereksi-na-ka  I  am  going  to  bathe 

The  second,  -su,  denotes  motion  to  a  nearby  place  or  indoors. 

47.  -su,  purposive  motion  hence. 

nam-isi-su  (I)  am  going  to  hear  (them) 

ertse-su  (I)  am  going  to  supper 

were-su  (I)  am  going  to  catch  rabbits  nearby 

etste-su  (I)  am  going  to  sleep 

The  third,  -inyi,  denotes  motion  hither. 

48.  -inyi,  (-im),  purposive  motion  hither. 

liw-inyi  (I)  come  to  kill  (you) 

monse-im  (I)  come  to  advise  (you) 

nesep-inyi  (we)  come  to  beg  permission 

pasip-inyi  (I)  come  to  salute  (you) 

warep-inyi  (I)  come  to  visit  (you) 

A  very  rare  and  doubtful  suffix,  -knit  (misspelled  in  the  gram- 
mar as  guit,  or  wit),  has  been  termed  ' ' prohibitional. "8  This 
may  be  the  passive  kne  plus  the  future  adverb  et;  i.e.,  "you  must 
not  be  struck. ' ' 

49.  -knit,  prohibitive. 

tamta-knit,  xata-knit  he  must  not  strike  you 

A  second  very  obscure  suffix,  -ksi,  is  translated  by  De  la 
Cuesta  "perfectly  well,"  perfectamente  bien,  and  is  termed  by 
Kroeber  ' '  excellentive. '  '7 

50.  -ksi,  excellentive. 

xeksio-ksi  (let  me)  satisfy  (him) 

ruisiu-ksi  do  not  (ye)  tremble 

ruisu-ksi  (your  hand)  trembles 

nipa-ksi  ("WQ)  are  teaching  (him) 

rinsi-ksi  (they)  take  the  lower  (key) 

siaksu-ksi-t  (speak)  to  me  softly  (in  my  ear) 

xaune-ksi  (would   that)    someone  would   bring 

(water) 

siru-ksi-ste  (it)  is  pulverized 

polso-ksi  (what  is  this)  painted? 

s  The  Chumash  and  Costanoan  Languages,  op.  cit.,  p.  253. 


422         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


The  verbal  suffix  -mi  (cf.  nominal  suffix  -mi)  seems  to  denote 
an  indirect  personal  object  or  an  action  done  for  the  benefit  of  a 
person.  It  is  most  frequently  found  with  the  imperative  and  first 
person  object,  ' '  do  this  for  me. ' ' 

20.  -mi,  -me,  beneficial. 

gave     (clothes    to 

thee) 

strip     bark      (for 
me) ! 

advise  (me) ! 
recount  (me) ! 
relate  to  you 
put  selvage  on  (for 
me) ! 
(you)    owe    (me), 


katia(stap) 

gave  (food) 

katia-mi(s) 

xelu(ksi) 

strip  off  bark 

xelue-mi(tit) 

monse(t) 
monsie 

advise  (me) 
relate 

monse-mi(tit) 
monsie-mi(tit) 

monsie-me 

riri 

put  selvage  on 

riri-mi(tit) 

suck 
chew 


musi-mi 
tika-mi(t) 


(I-you) 

suckle,  give  suck 
chew  (for  me) ! 


musi-si 
tika 
etc. 

Two  suffixes  of  the  greatest  frequency  are  evidently  cognate. 
These  are  -kte  and  -ste.  The  former  is  listed  by  De  la  Cuesta 
merely  as  a  preterit  tense  suffix,  the  latter,  though  of  frequent 
occurrence,  not  mentioned  at  all,  though  a  suffix  -miste,  probably 
a  hortatory,  is  described. 

Both  seem  to  have  the  sense  of  a  past  participle,  and,  like  the 
latter,  are  frequently  used  adjectively.  They  express  completed 
action  or  achieved  condition.  Though  little  difference  is  discern- 
able  between  the  two,  it  would  appear  that  -kte  is  used  principally 
for  transitive  relations,  -ste  for  intransitive  ones.  They  are  fre- 
quently translated  by  the  Spanish  ya, ' '  already. ' ' 

51.  -kte,  (-xtef),  perfect  transitive  (participle),  adjectival. 


mit-ci-kte 

esko-kte 

rite-kte 

laki-kte 

tolo-kte 

lip.a-kte,  lixwa-kte 

liisu-kte 

posio-kte 

riski-kte 

sitl-u-kte 

niotsio-kte 

husiero-kte 

nutiri-kte 


(bow)  is  unstrung 

(it  is)  torn,  impure 

(it)  is  decorated  with  beads 

(it)  is  lifted,  hung 

(they)  have  donned  their  regalia 

it  is  hidden 

toothless 

hairless 

pug- (nosed) 

small 

short 

big  (mouth) 

big-nosed 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  423 

52.  -ste,  perfect  intransitive  (participle],  adjectival. 

xiwa-ste  (they)  have  (not)  arrived 

semso-ste  (they)  have  died 

toilo-ste  (they)  are  seated 

pelke-ste  he  was  displeased  (at  me) 

xutcu-ste  (he)  has  eyes 

kome-ste  (I)  am  tired  already 

wane-ste  (I)  am  satiated 

siksa-ste,  mikna-ste  it  is  soiled 

sesuk-ste,  sumu-ste  (it)  has  decayed 

unxu-ste,  (unxu-smin)  snotty 

natka-ste  black 

rinta-ste  lean 

noioro-ste  large  (feet) 
ad  infinitum 

The  interrogative  is  expressed  by  the  suffixation  of  the  en- 
clitic -s,  -se.  This  may  be  suffixed  to  other  words  than  the  verb, 
more  commonly  to  the  initial  word  of  the  phrase.  Thus : 

53.  -s,  -se,  interrogative. 

kan-se  is  this  my  .  .  .  .? 

kai-s  it  is  painful? 

ekwe-s  did  not  .  .  .  .? 

lalka-na-s  did  (you)  go  for  geese  T 

men-se  did  you  ...  .1 

-s  regularly  follows  a  vowel,  -se  a  consonant,  thus  avoiding 
terminal  consonantal  complexes. 

The  negative  is  formed  by  the  independent  particle  ekwe. 
epsie  is  sometimes  used  with  negative  imperatives,  but  the  more 
common  method  in  this  case  is  the  use  of  the  bare  pronoun  men. 

Some  of  the  isolated  and  unexplained  suffixes,  indicated  by 
italics,  are: 

siru-mpi,  siru-mpe  (siru-ksi-ste)        grind  (salt) ;  (ground) 

man-tt-kte;  man-tei-s-te  it  went  out;  is  going  out 

(man-sa,  man-as)  (put  it  out!) 

yoko-r<e  (cigar)  has  become  ash 

menso-rfe  (they)  have  drowned 

mup-il-u-rfe  (b°y)  keeps  his  mouth  closed 

ainwe-tom  (you  said  you)  went  to  see  (him) 

paka-raim-s  (he  wanted)  to  find  (us) 

ole-mospo  (he)  can  (run)  well 

ton-se-s  (I)  met  (him) 

ton-enp-is  (I)  lost  (this) 

tisku-fcse-i  split  it! 


424         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


kil-e,  kil-ite,  kil-p«Zme,  kil-ite 

kipi-ni-pu-i 

kai-nawwi 


satar-a,  satar-e,  satar-ptt 

teite-sm-i 

sam-wm 

sam-atpw;  sam-ianfe 

xute-p«nfc 

xit-fcwi 

nansi-fce 

xeksio-ie-i 

xase-sen 

xat-xasti  ;  xat-xatsi 

nip-a-piw 

lop-fcft-nin,  lop-o;e-ste 

ipi-re-i  (ip-e-i) 

ina-to-s;  ina-fc-pu 

we-soto-kte,  we-yero-kmin, 

we-sore-kte 
we-ton;  we-tere-npe-i 
yer-oepin 
matala-m«-i;  matalu-ni-stap  ; 

matula-ni 
mene-npo 
mir-ma-mi-t 
mup-i-pu-i;  mup-e-i; 


mup-«s-pu-i;  mup-fot 
mai-a;i-m-ste 
tcorok-p«mfc 
ii-ps-is;  ii-si-me 

ak-erw-ni-n  ;  ak-ntw-kane 

ekwe-no 

uni-spu,  nni-spate,  umi-spofc 

ole-rt 

inu-wi-me-i 

itma-nt-t;  itma-nw-i 

it-uime 

inu-i-ni-n 

rui-s«-ksi  ;  rui-sw-ksi  ; 

rui-sin-ksi  ;  rui-ma-np-in  ; 

rui-n^ra-t;  rii-fci-np-in 
umsu-mi-n 
wax-<ci-i 
ele-mem-pu 
et-oe 


sparkle 

wink  (your  eyes) 
narrow,  difficult 

very  well  tied,  very  strongly  bound 
open  the  mouth 
dance  for  me! 
(they  all)  have  long  hair 
(I),  (they  all)  cut  their  front  hair 
fire  is  made 

(I  will  not)  cleanse  myself 
(you  will  soon)  be  known 
satisfy  (him)! 

(teach  me  before  I)  get  angry! 
it  is  well  swept;  very  clean 
(they  will  never)  teach  him 
(wheat)  moulded 
turn  (this)!   (turn  around!) 
(I)  became  sick;   (will  you  not)  be- 
come sickf 
large,  great 

is  great;  increase  it  for  me! 

(he  is)  growing  old 

place  face  downward;  (I)  was  placed; 
(wait  for  him)  to  place  himself 

(I  will  not)  forget 

give  me  that  which  you  were  given! 

shut  his  mouth!  shut  his  mouth  with 
your  hand!  (he)  keeps  his  mouth 
shut;  shut  your  mouth! 

(they)  laugh  at  (your  speech) 

we  become  sad  (when  .  .  .) 

(I)  owed;  (I  do  not)  owe  (you  any- 
thing) 

(I)  am  thirsty;  (when)  one  is  thirsty 

(I)  have  no  (.  .  .  .) 

(he  wished)  to  agree 

(you)  can  (not) 

remind  (him) ! 

lift  me!  lift  him! 

(we  have)  corrected  them 

(I)  am  tired  of  journeying 

(your  hand)  trembles;  (do  not  ye) 
shudder;  (who)  trembles?  he 
moved  him;  move  me!  I  moved 

(they)  flew 

scratch  (him) ! 

(you)  will  arise  (early) 

(he)  slept  (little) 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  425 

ADJECTIVES 

Adjectives  display  close  relations  with  both  verbs  and  nouns. 
A  few  of  them  appear  to  be  definite  adjectival  stems  without 
terminations,  a  small  number  seem  to  be  derived  from  nouns,  but 
by  far  the  greater  number  are  akin  to  verbal  stems.  As  allied  to 
nouns  they  may  take  the  pluralizing  suffix  and  stand  as  sub- 
stantives, as  weyero-mak,  "the  big  ones."  As  allied  to  verbs  they 
commonly  take  the  verbal  perfect  suffixes  -kte  and  -ste  and  may 
be  interpreted  either  as  verbs  or  as  adjectives,  e.g.,  "the  cloth 
has  been  soiled,"  "the  cloth  is  soiled,"  or  <e soiled  cloth." 

In  addition  to  the  verbo-adjectival  endings  -kte  and  -ste  there 
are  two  others,  evidently  cognate,  used  solely  with  adjectives. 
These  are  -kmin  and  -smin.  The  distinction  between  them  is  not 
evident,  as,  for  instance,  both  nutka-kmin  and  humulu-smin  mean 
"black"  (sing.)  and  natka-mak  and  natka-ste  "black"  (plu.). 
Other  suffixes  likewise  seem  to  be  interchangeable  under  certain 
circumstances,  as  both  orko-ni-n  and  orko-ste  mean  "he  was 
frightened;"  unxu-smin  and  unxu-ste  both  mean  "snotty." 
-kmin  is  probably  cognate  to  -kne  and  -smin  to  -ste. 

54.  -kmin,  adjectival. 

patka-kmin  heavy,  deep  white 

pelo-kmin  bald 

nutka-kmin  black 

hihul-i-kmin  something  cut,  as  a  pole 

isiwa-kmin  newborn 

kuti-kmin  very  small 

kipinyi-kmin  a  winker 

kits-u-kmin  twisted 

55.  -smin,  adjectival. 

selpe-smin  (are  you)  intoxicated? 

xop-tie-smin  climber 

an-e-smin  turtles 

ritca-smin  liberal,  generous 

waksa-smin  miserable,  vile 

ritcua-smin  silly,  foolish 

rauta-smin  with  large  back  of  neck  and  occiput 

samili-smin  putrified 

humulu-smin  black 

unxu-smin  snotty 

pelso-smin  large-tongued,  garrulous 

paisa-smin  runner 

xase-smin  brave,  fierce 
ad  infinitum 


426         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

An  infix  -ti-  is  occasionally  found  before  adjectival  endings. 
It  is  placed  between  the  simple  stem  and  the  characteristic  vowel. 
Its  import  is  not  clear  but  it  seems  to  imply  an  adjectival- 
agentive  sense. 

56.  -ti-,  adjectival-agentive. 

xop'6         climb  xop-ti-e-(smin)  climber 

tcala         urinate  tcal-ti-a-(smin)  urinator 

muxe        suspect,  mux-ti-e-(ste)  one  who  makes 

misconstrue  wrong  judgments 

wilo          signal     "yes"  wil-ti-o-(n.in)  one     who     signals 

with  the  eyes  "yes"  with  the 

eyes 

Another  etymological  element  giving  an  adjectival  signifi- 
cance is : 

57.  -se,  -si,  adjectival. 

in-se  tear-ful 

yer-se  torn 

polpol-si  dotted 

PARTICLES 

Particles  are  independent  and  invariable.  They  range  from 
monosyllabic  to  polysyllabic,  the  longer  ones  being  probably  com- 
pounded. For  purposes  of  reference  they  are  divided  into  loca- 
tive adverbs,  temporal  adverbs,  descriptive  adverbs,  and  inter- 
jections. 

Two  enclitics  are  met.  The  first  is  a  conjunctive,  -hiha  or  -hia, 
''and,  also,  as  well." 

kas-hiha  me  also 

The   second   is   an   adjectival   pronoun,    -sia,   "alone,    only, 

solely." 

men-sia  you  alone 

wak-sia  he  alone 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


427 


PART  II.     CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  STEMS 

The  following  lists  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  phonetic 
alphabet.  First  the  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  then  the  semi-vowels  w 
and  y,  the  nasals  m  and  n,  the  liquid  I  and  the  trill  r,  the  spirants 
s,  x,  and  h,  the  surd  stops  p,  t,  t,  and  k,  and  the  affricative  tc. 

NOUNS 


Animals 


aiarat 

auni-smin,   anni-smin 

are 

asurian,  asit 

atat 

akat 

elei-min 

ex,  hex 

eksen 

intkx 

ipiwa 

omkon 

ores 

otol-,  oton 

okom 

uminx 

untcu-smin 

uraka 

wawisaes,  -ses,  -soes, 

wakisaes 
wal-en 
wasaka 
wakarat-smin 
weren 
wilo-pan 
wireskan 
wixi 
wipsur 
yurah 
maian 
marite 
mitis 

mumul.al.uk 
mumuri 
muniek,  musiek 


magpie 

turtles 

bird  like  a  heron 

sparrow 

magpie 

conch 

goshawk 

squirrel 

quail 

large  hare 

(rattle)  snake 


bear 

red  ant 

bird 

wolf 

black  beetle 

salmon 

coyote 

owl 

eagle 

frog 

rabbit 

blackbird 

bat 

fish 

fleas 

black  duck 

coyote 

young  deer 

little  moulting  bird  (jestingly) 

butterfly 

fly 

small  bird  with  black  feet 


428         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol. 


niwes 

notot 

lalak 

lesokwa 

lisana 

Luopo 

lukluk 

rames 

rax 

rinya 

risui 

rumai 

saiae 

sanraruk 

sakar 

siol-ekon 

siuyuts 

siul.il-uk 

sisin 

sitikna,    sitcikna, 

sikikna 
sikot 
soksokian 
swesusu 

xakua,   (xaakan) 
xun-un 
hutee(kinis) 
paratu 
penie,  penik 
perisiana 
pil-okian 
pitcina 
polokis 
polten 
por 

poskoi-min 
potol 

pukwie,  pukwi 
pukului-min 
tamala 
tatci 
tiwiem 
tiwituk 
tira-smin 
tixsin 
tipih-smin 
tominis 
toroma 
torpaes,  torsiepa 


faun 

blackbird  with  yellow  head 

geese 

earthworms 

snake 

yearling  calves 

geese 

weasel 

white  louse 

rat 

young  coyote 

young  hare 

jays 

large  geese 

nits 

mole  like  a  dormouse 

sea-otter 

butterfly 

small  bird 

young  squirrel 

mole 

bird  like  sensonte 

large  ducks 

mussel 

small  dove 

dog 

woodpecker 

cat 

young  quails 

martin 

maggot,  insect 

grasshoppers 

young  rabbit 

flea 

black  ant 

blackbird  with  yellow  head 

young  deer,  young  fallow-deer 

toad 

leopard  (puma?) 

a  small  animal 

fallow-deer 

bird 

spider 

skunk 

earthworm 

seal 

wild-cat 

gray  blackbird 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  429 

tote  deer,  cattle,  meat 

tayankal  blackbird 

taiaskal  blackbird  with  watery  eyes 

tiwak  bird 

time  whale 

tuilun  vulture 

kaul-epat  bird  with  large  mouth 

kaxai  black  louse 

kakari  raven 

kaknu  hawk 

kotewes  snakes 

kulian  blackbird 

tcaxi  hawk 

tceies  hare 

tcil-iskan  hawk 

tcirit-min  bird 

tcorena,  tcoltcolua  cricket 

tcurutu  woodpecker 

Botanical 

aisaae,  inkis-e  acorns 

ama-knis  seeds 

anii  a  white  tree 

arwe  oak 

ahamen  bundle  of  fire-wood 

enena  blackberries 

it-ux  a  seed 

owos  seed,  fruit 

ortor-kmin  hay 

uwena  very  pink  flower 

uner  wild  onion 

upit  acorn  shell 

wara  an  herb 

yarkas  an  herb 

yukis  acorn 

momox  a  small,  salty  seed 

morot  acorn  shell 

muren  an  edible  herb 

lumuimin  an  herb 

ransona  an  herb 

rapak  oak 

repit  acorn  shell 

reteti  blackberry  bramble 

riris  vine 

ripin  oak 

rore  an  herb 

ruskes  an  herb 

sawana  a  thicket 

sasuk  moss 


430         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am. Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


sapa 

sak 

siutotok  wetemak 

sirak 

sipuruna 

somon 

sokote 

sokotci 

sumna,  sumua 

xale 

xireni,    (xirena,   xiremi) 

xipur 

xitdani 

xitna,  xitia 

xikot 

xolopis 

xop 

xumes 

xumi-smin 

xur 

patax 

pat-i 

pat 

pakir 

pit-ui 

porpor 

porpor  onlen 

pururis 

tamet 

tarax 

tapur 

tiwis 

toinon 

tuxe 

tapis 

taki 

totolua 

kamer 

kamun 

ketex 

kirit-smin,  kirit-skin 

tcasuni 

tcatia 

tcisnan 


herb  with  a  dark,  hard  seed 

small  pinenut 

poisonous  plant 

filberts,  hazelnuts 

a  white  root 

hole  in  a  tree 

laurel 

fruit  of  laurel 

sticks  of  wood 

green  tule 

large  pine-nut 

a  tree 

tuna 

elderberries 

pine 

shell,  chaff  of  acorn 

larch,  a  red  tree 

hay 

wild  rice 

seed 

willow 

chia 

tuno 

plant  like  tule 

seeds 

cottonwood 

tree  like  white  cottonwood 

small  fruit 

a  dark  edible  root 

small,  white  willow 

tree,  wood 

flowers 

a  small  fruit 

oak 

reeds,  straw 

fruit  tree 

plantain 

sweet  herb 

tuno 

leaves 

an  herb 

hay 

a  well-known  tree,  testicles  of  hog 

alder 


awis 
eyes 
in 


Body  Parts 

left  hand 

beard 

tears 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


431 


isu,  is-u 
ihatu 
itcie,  itcik 
olot 

hand 
ear-cavity 
pudenda 
back  of  neck 

otco,  ote 
ots-io-n 

ear 
bullet  wound 

una 
unux 

bangs,  hair  on  forehead 
mucus  from  nose 

uri 

hair 

us 

nostrils 

watex 

stomach 

wel-ewel(min) 
wima,  wimak 
wilopa 

point  of  the  lips 
wing 
the  red  head  of  the  blackbird 

yisuwani-nsa 
yutxa 
marax 

corns 
tumor  on  neck 
skin 

maxul 
mak.us 

spittle,  phlegm 
knees 

mitla 
moxel 

thigh 
head 

moxot 

skull 

mus 
mutis 

bosom,  ureasts 
front  teeth 

muktiokris,   (muxtioxris) 
noso-n 
las-e 
lasin 
lit-akwa 

ankle 
breath,  spirit,  soul 
tongue 
finger-joints 
veins 

lorn 

brain 

lopohs,  lop-ots 
lup.us 
raras 

navel 

anus 
molar  teeth 

ritok 

intestines 

rikex  piliu 
romos,  rutcu 
rumes 
rus 

prepuce  of  penis 
pimples,  wart 
spine,  backbone 
saliva 

sama 

right  hand 

sanan 
sarka 
sapa-xin 
sinpur 
sire 
sip-os 
sit 

groin 
blind  eye 
pupil  of  eye 
eyebrows 
heart,  mind 
feathers 
teeth 

sik-en 
somsom 
sok-o-s 

wind  broken,  flatus 
armpits 
testicles 

432         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  EtJin.    [Vol.  11 


soko-rena,  sioko-rena 

scrotum 

sute 

pudenda 

xai 

mouth 

xahie 

voice 

xat-a 

palm  and  sole 

xakana 

tail  (of  snake) 

xelien 

skin 

xeser 

birth-mark,  scar 

xin 

eye 

xorko-s 

throat 

xop-o 

back,  upper  part  of  back 

xumut 

skull 

xunyois 

arm 

xurek 

ligament 

xupur 

carbuncle 

xutu,  xut-u 

belly,  abdomen 

paine-n 

menstruation 

pat-ian 

blood 

pakar 

rash 

pak-a 

shoulder-blade 

potcor 

scalp  sores 

pusi,  piliu,  pathos,  patsa, 

pudenda 

pelsi 

put-u-s 

belly,  abdomen 

put  -us 

thumb 

tankar 

roof  of  mouth 

tap.is 

crown  of  head 

tak-e 

ribs 

takutspis 

shin-bone 

tima 

forehead 

tiras 

buttocks 

tolso,  toolos 

knees 

tote 

flesh,  meat 

tokol 

syphilitic  sores 

turis 

nails 

turtunin 

throat,  neck 

tuksus 

ears 

tup.ui,  tupui 

tail 

tutper 

lips 

tukai 

chest  bosom 

tukmur 

Adam's  apple 

tamus 

cheeks,  face 

tap 

hide 

tat-i 

bone 

turum 

skin 

karkas 

molar  teeth 

kapis 

little  finger 

katak,  katcak,  katak 

nape  of  the  neck,  occiput 

katcitci 

pudenda 

1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


433 


koro 

(kukas),  xukas 

tcapal 

tciri 

te-oxo 

tcukuri 


foot 

anus,  buttocks 

kidneys 

horn 

pudenda 

evacuations 


Manufactures, 


an-ipu 

aren 

axe-s 

ata-s-pis-mak 

at-e 

atin 

akat 

eyes-pis 

ene-msa 

ene-kmin,  enko-kmin 

crests 

esxen 

et-cer 

ets 

eksen 

iiot 

imini 

iru-kmin 

isme-sis 

itok-pis 

oxot 

ot-eme 

unupi-msa,  un-opi-msa 

ulis 

urkan 

usek 

utis 

utel 

utcir-min 

walexin 

ware 

warsan 

wetcok 

yatan,  lasun 

yoxo 

mas 

mater,  master 

lawan 

rires 

ritai 


Instruments 
pillow 
knot 
comb 

•watch-towers 
acorn-bread 
feminine  ornament 
ornament  of  conch  shell 
napkin 

blotter,  eraser 
writing,  letter 
real,  a  piece  of  money 
dress,  clothes 
iron 
bed 
nest 

sacred  stick,  fetish? 
pinole 
arrow-point 
clock,  watch 
table-cloth,  napkin 
basket  with  handle 
pinole 

handkerchief 
basket 
mortar 
whistle,  flute 

arrow-point  (arrow-shaft) 
ear-ornament  of  feathers 
small  needle 
small  basket 
feather  ornament 
small  basket 
small  basket 
net 

load  of  meat 
beads 
tobacco 
bow 

arrow-cord,  spear-cord 
rabbitskin  clothes 


434         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


riteni 

rits 

rote-msa 

ruris 

ruxe 

ruk 

ruk-esma 

ruka 

sak.in 

setne 

sianexan 

siotok 

siwen 

simirin 

sinpie,  siupia 

sipirek 

sipuksan 

soxoi 

sokwe 

supik 

sutia 

xasa-pis 

xats-ian,  xas-ian 

xeLemok,  xel-emon 

xitca-mis,  xitsia, 

xiteha-mis 
xotio 
xotox 
xurpu 
homoron 
humeren 
humiri-msa 
palsi-n 
parsex 
pakuts-mis 
pelo-maes 
piroi 

puxut,  puput,  puyut 
tio-x,  tio-s 
tiwix,  tiwi 
tilai 
tirtisen 
tipsin 
tor-on 
toko,  tok-o 
tuyuwa 
tupen 

tainwen,  taiuwen 
tails 


feminine  ornament 

coarse  pinole 

portfolio 

bow-string 

arrows,  spears 

cord 

doubled  cord 

house 

broom 

bread  of  acorns  and  momgo 

skirt  of  tule  or  plants 

basket  for  holding  water 

basket  with  a  pyramid  in  the  bottom 

seed-gatherer 

handkerchief 

bone  awl 

large  comb,  brush  comb 

ornament  of  beads  and  feathers 

atole 

small  cloth 

poker,  digging-stick 

opening  of  pocket 

ornament  of  conch-shell 

cloth,  rag 

toy 

bag 

shoes 

beads,  feather  ornament 

potsherd 

bar 

baptismal  font 

muller  of  metate 

belt,  sash 

ball  for  game 

comb  of  straw 

net 

bread 

spear,  arrow  without  point 

beads,  feather  ornament 

basket  with  a  good  base 

belt,  sash 

small  basket  for  amole 

amole 

bed 

broom 

sweathouse 

bread  of  acorns  and  momgo 

wooden  awl 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


435 


temox 

tip-e 

kitirox,  kitinox,  kitirxo 

kit'Cas,  kitcas 

kurka,  kurea 

tcakar,  tcawar 

tcakini 

teiles 

tcopoma 

teokon 


arrow  with  point 

knife 

skirt 

key 

pinole 

seat,  chair 

stringless  bow 

bell 

fret,  bric-a-brac 

sacred  stick,  fetish? 


Natural  Phenomena 


awar 

am-ani 

at-ar,  atar 

ak-e 

ak-es,  awes 

inu 

irek 

isin,  isiin 

isme-n 

ixutun 

urani 

upak 

wakani 

wakis 

wixax 

wika 

yopok 

yokon 

yumus   isir 

mun 

mun-s 

murtei,  murteis,  murtoeis 

murtcu 

notson 

latun 

raxopa 

rokie,  rokse 

rutis 

si 

soton 

suw,  sus 

skoxe 

xewe-pis 

xitus 

xutepa 

pelek 


north  (dedo  de  carazon) 

rain 

mud,  mire 

day 

salt 

road,   trail 

stone 

hole  (of  animal) 

sun 

drop 

hole 

lump,  clod,  white  paint 

dew? 

river,  torrent 

light? 

afternoon 

hail 

cinders,  ashes 

dirt  on  hands 

earth,  dirt 

dirt,  filth 

night 

night 

food 

drop 

rays  of  sun 

powder,  dust 

open  hole,  cavity 

water 

fire 

charcoal 

drop 

shadow,  reflection 

wind 

conflagration,  great  fire 

fine  dust,  atoms 


436         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

pire  world,  atmosphere,  weather,  etc. 

pitak  lint,   dust 

pitil-an  mole-track 

pusninyis  whirlwind 

tamar  hill 

titin  seashore 

taska,  tatska  plain 

tura  thunder 

tuxis  day 

kau  seashore 

kar,  kat  smoke 

koloi  spring  of  water 

kure  red  paint 

kutui  hole  in  ground 

tcarak  sky 

tcarko  light 

tcape  hole  in  ground 

tcopolotesi  place  full  of  holes 

tcok  clod,  lump  of  mud 


Words  of  More  Abstract  Significance 

ak  thirst 

etina  puatis  a  game 

et-se  sleep 

ekets,  ekests,  ekaest  sins 

iwe  ik-e  a  method  of  making  fun  of  a  per- 
son 

impe-s  sign 

isut-s-e  dreams 

on.0  a  method  of  making  fun  of  a  per- 
son 

oroe-s  hunger 

oteiko  silence 

us-ix  sadness 

mai-t  smile 

m0rke  a  method  of  making  fun  of  a  per- 
son 

muisin,  yenko  love? 

layaya  length,  height 

jaxj  game  of  revolving  until  dizzy 

lat-iaya  great  height 

rakat  child's  game 

ritea-se  language,  speech 

samili  putrid  matter 

sat.e  a  method  of  making  fun  of  a  per- 
son 

senena  sting  of  an  insect 

siamalpi-msa  confession 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  437 


suwene  song 

sunk,  sune  hunger 

xamapu  proof 

xas  anger 

xasi-om,  xasi-un  shame 

xenkotst-s-e  silence 

xuti  game 

paya  lightness 

peleta  children's  game 

taula-si  something  held  in  the  arms 

tursi  cold 

tala  heat 

tis,  tihs  life 

tuma  scent,  pleasant  odor 

kai-s  pain,  misery,  sorrow 

kapala-si  an  embrace 

kapnen  Wednesday 

kotcopo  a  method  of  making  fun  of  a  per- 
son 

krak-at,   (xrak-at?)  name 

tcakir  odor 

tcopopiswai  Friday 

tcukuri  bodily  evacuations,  movements 


Terms  of  Relationship  and  Personal  Categories 

ana  mother 

ana-knis  stepmother 

ap-a  father 

apapat  nephew,  grandson 

atia,  atsia-knis,  atcai-nis  girl 

atsiai-kma  girls 

at  maku-kmin  widow 

ete,  et-e  maternal  grandfather  or  uncle 

inis  son  (father  speaking  of  son) 

inxoksima,  yuxoksima  adult  men,  elderly  men 

intiste-mak  elderly  men 

isiwa-kmin  newly  born  child 

ixatute  godmother 

itxine  man   (address  term) 

urxes-mak  bride  and  groom 

uxi.  mother-in-law 

uta  parents 

mak-u,  makas  husband 

mene  maternal  grandmother 

meres,  moeres  nephew,  grandson 

mirte-mak,  mitte-mak  adult  men,  elderly  men 

mos  son  (father  speaking  to  son) 

mukene  man 


438          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn,    [Vol.  11 


mukur-ma 

mukniue-sima,   mukienin 
sini,  sinyi,  sin-ksma 
sit-nun 

sit-sus 

xan-a,  (xau-nan) 

paiteu-kte 

parane 

papa 

taure,  tauro 
ta,  taha 
taka,  tak.a 
tanses,    (tauses) 

tare 

teto-min 

tares,  tcares 

tuta 

ka 

tcire 

tcorsi 

an-pi-s 

ali-s 

iwo-pan 

ika-s-mak 

onei-a 

onei-kma-s«e 

un-e-mu 

ura-s-mak 

uhini-s-mak 

uten-mak 

waixi-s-pan 

wayas-mu 

werxo-s-mak 

yawisun 

lisieni-s 

rite-pan 

sirka-s-mak 

xawa-pis-mak 

xixon,  koxoeni-s 

bumaia 

teye-s 

tikiro-mak 

kotcino-knis,  -kma 

tcite-s-mak 


women 

elderly  women 

boy,  youth,  boys 

child,   (foetus),  baby   (mother 

speaking) 

stepchild  (mother  speaking) 
wife 

man,  person,  cultured  person 
grandmother 
mother's  grandfather  (maternal 

grandfather?) 
child  (mother  speaking) 
elder  sister 
elder  brother 
younger   brother    or   sister,   elder 

brother 

younger  brother  or  sister 
sister-in-law 
men 

young  man 

daughter   (father  speaking) 
paternal  grandmother 
maiden 

cook,  toaster,  roaster 
competitor 
liar,  cheat,  bully 
millers 
companion 
neighbors 
friend 
hole-diggers 
fishers 

wizards,  witches 
angry  donor,  unwilling  giver 
enemy 
deer-hunters 
Tularefios 
walkers 
toreador 
nut-hunters 
callers,  shouters 
meat-carrier 
countrymen    , 
cook,  roaster,  toaster 
kneelers,  those  on  knees 
servant,  boys 
dancers 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  439 

Numerals 
emettca,  emetka,  hemettea,  one 


hemetca,  emestca 

emetspu 

onee 

emetotca 

the  one 

utxin,  ustxin 

two 

utstina 

twice 

usxinya 

they  both 

kapxan 

three 

usit,  utit 

four 

parues,  parnes 

five 

nakitci 

six 

takitei 

seven 

taitimin 

eight 

watsu,  pak.i 

nine 

tanat,  tansa-kte,  matsu  ten 


PRONOUNS 

ka  I  (subjective) 

kan  I  (subjective),  my  (possessive) 

kan-is,  kanis,  me  (objective) 

kas,   (kak),   (kax) 

kat  I  (subjective  with  future  particle) 

kames  I  ....  you 

kanmes  you — my 

me  thou  (subjective) 

men  thou  (subjective),  thy  (possessive) 

mes  thee  (objective) 

met  thou  (subjective  with  future  par- 

ticle) 

waka,  haka  he  (subjective) 

wak,  hak  he  (subjective),  his   (possessive) 

haks,  hakas  him  (objective) 

makse  we  (subjective),  our  (possessive), 

us  (objective) 

mak  our  (possessive),  we  (subjective) 

mak.e,  marke  we  (subjective)  (dual?) 

mak-et,  makset  we  (subjective   with   future   par- 

ticle) 

makam,  ma-rn  you  (subjective),  your  (possessive) 

makams  you  (objective) 

aisa,  ai  they  (subjective),   their    (posses- 

sive) 

aisan,  aiske  them  (objective) 

nuk  it  (neuter    objective),    him    (ob- 

jective) 


440         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 

Demonstratives 

ne,  nep-e  this   (close) 

nepean  these 

nane,  nina,  nemis,  nenis,  this 

unta,  ister,  nep-er 

nisia  this  (farther) 

nunis,  nunisia,  nup-i  that 

nupean  those 

numan  which,  that  which  (relative) 

pina  this  (more  distant) 


Adjectival  Pronouns 

aipire  some 

aimukte,  aixames  all,  exclusively 

aman  so  many 

ams-e  the  other 

ani,  anyi  another 

at-ia  only,  alone 

exil-iste  alone 

imin,  imiu,  imi-u  all  (personal) 

iruk  all 

wasi(a)  much 

yasir  much,  very 

niat,  nihia,  nuia,  nua  only,  no  more 

Lel-uerte  too  much 

hisha  any 

siok,  siokwe,  siwene  himself,  itself 

pisnie  nothing 

tolon  much 

teyo  much 

ke-se,  kes-e  much 


Interrogative  Pronouns 

an-  .  .  where? 

anpi,  ampi  which? 

at-e  who?  whom?  (singular) 

at-ekin,  at-ekinta  who?  whom?  (plural) 

in. at,  inuat  when? 

inxam,  inxan  how  many? 

intis,  (imtis)  what?  why?  where? 

inka  what?  (do) 

inkai  Tvhat?  (say) 

ista  what?  (thing),  why? 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


441 


VERBS 

*  The  stems  preceded  by  the  asterisk  are  those  occurring  only  once  or 
twice  and  which  therefore  are  more  or  less  doubtful. 


aiw,  ainwe,  aiuwe,  axuwe, 

see 

aixu,  aipu,  arxuwe 

*aisa-e,  inkis-e 

desire,  crave 

*aixuwes 

withdraw,  depart 

*auye 

awake,  awaken. 

ayi 

come 

*ayimi-ni 

lose,  stop 

am 

be  (substantive) 

*am(a) 

speak  truth 

ama 

eat 

*ama-ni 

appear 

ameis,  amaes 

play 

ami,  ami-si 

give,  bring,  hold,  carry,  preserve 

amiu(m),  amoi 

teach 

amne-ni,  am-a-ni 

rain,  wet 

amsa 

endanger,  injure 

ana 

pardon 

*ana 

desire  to,  long  to 

*ana-pu 

be  injured 

*anure 

bend,  bulge  backward 

*ansam 

paint 

*ansemi 

keep  watch,  be  vigilant 

*ale,  luwi 

break  and  leave  place 

ara,  arsa 

give 

*arespi 

quarrel,  fight  (between  women) 

*ars-e 

observe,  conceal 

*arke-n 

increase,  grow 

*arki-ni 

take  the  road 

*asa 

part  the  hair 

*asi-n 

flow  in  (water) 

asinu-n,  as-nu 

sneeze 

*asiknene 

hate 

aski,  askin,  askun 

cut 

axa 

comb 

axe-niak-e-n 

flee 

*axi,  arimi 

give  again 

*axtu-n 

break  a  tooth 

*apere 

chase  flies  with  a  branch 

at 

break,  split 

ata 

examine 

*at-e 

insult,  grumble,  quarrel 

*at-ia 

cease  talking,  be  silent 

atue 

view,  watch 

442         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am. Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


*at-uemi 

*at-mu 

*at(ki) 

at 

*ata 
*atua 
*atski 

ak-a 
*akan 
*ak-ara 
*ake,  ak-e 

ak.u 

at-eun 


correct,  put  right 

quarrel,   fight    (boys) 

seize 

steal,  cheat 

congeal 

mend,  fix 

crack,  split  (earth) 

leave,  depart 

leave,  permit 

look  up 

rise,  jump,  get  up 

enter 

make,  finish 


E 


eies,  eis-e 

erne,  emse,  enen 
*eme-ni 

emre-n,  hemren 

ene 

eno 
*enusi 

ele,  else 
*elie 
*eraes 
*ere 
*erenmite 

ertse,  ertste 
*ese 
*esier 

esoni,  esosoni 
*exenmi 

epe,  epse 
*etueis 

ete-n 


shave 

forget 

wait,  detain 

be  envious 

write,  paint 

stay,  remain 

signal  with  the  finger 

raise,  lift,  arise 

goad,  spur,  hurry 

praise  one's  self 

bathe 

finish,  end,  complete 

eat  supper 

dress 

say 

hate 

leave,  depart 

pass  by 

disentangle,  extricate,  free 

sleep 


*iweke,  inke 
*iwini 

iwo 

ima 

ime 
*imu 
*in 

ina,  inxa-n  (una) 

ina-n,  insa-n 

inanme 


gather  plants 

do 

dispute,  quarrel 

show 

join 

arise 

do 

sicken 

fall 

rain. 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


443 


insu 
*inkai 
*inke-ni 

ilo 

iluwi,  ilpi,  ill 

ilsi-mi 
*ilkun 

irko 

isento,  is.inte 
*isi 

isia 

isiwa,  isiwi 

isiwe,  isuwe 

isi-m,  ispan,  iisi-me,  iipsi 

isu 
*isnu,  isu 

istu,  isut 

iskani,  itskani 
*iske-ni,  xitske-ni 

ixime 
*ixironi 
*ixiras 
*ixisa 
*ixuk-a 

ixwi,  iuie 
*ixtci 

ipili,  ipile 

ipire,  ip-e 
*it-iu 

itok 

itma 

ita,  itu 
*itanai 

ite,  itu 

ite 
*iti-ni 

ito,  it-co 
*itui 

*itso,  itu,  itsku 
*itcile 

itco-ni 


oio,  (oit),  oiis 
*oiwi 
*ouso 
*owe 


0 


observe,  feel,  conjecture,  remem- 
ber,   recall 
know 

speak,  talk,  say 
seize,  grasp 
burn 

put  on  sash  or  cloth 
give  meat 
lift  skirts 
defecate 

walk  carefully,  watchfully 
await 
be  hungry 
give  birth,  be  born 
rest 
owe 

play  at  hand  game 
follow,  imitate 
dream 

pay 

hiccup 

trembie 

sprinkle 

kick 

walk  in  mud 

shout,  cry 

go,  walk  (many) 

sting,  be  stung  by  (snake) 

lie  down,  lay  down 

turn  around 

get  the  better  of  one 

cleanse,  purify 

lift,  raise 

wash 

arise 

spur,  incite,  urge 

disparage 

bruise,  mangle  hand 

leave,   depart 

spread  (acorns  in  the  sun) 

doubt 

be  ashamed 

come  out 

seize,  take,  bring 
tie,  clasp,  bind 
order,  instruct 

return  a  favor,  give  the  thing 
dreamt 


444         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


*one 
*oneia 
*on-ome 
*onsie 

ole 

olo 
*ol-ue 
*olhs.e 

olte-mi 

orso-n 

orko 
*osehe 
*oswe 
*opiweis 

ot-o 
*ot-o(po) 

ot-mo 
*oto 

ots-io 

otspe-n 

ok,  oke,  ok-o 
*ok.e 
*otcenuix 

oteiko 
*otciko 


sit  down,  seat 

accompany 

hunt  deer 

ask,  inquire 

can,  be  able,  gain 

become  blind 

signal 

kill  many 

give 

belch 

frighten 

speak,  reply  also 

scatter  manure 

discover,  bring  out 

mend,  fix 

dirty,  render  filthy 

piller 

regain 

wound 

have  a  pain  in  the  penis 

send 

confess,  be  exposed 

discharge,  dismiss 

de  deaf,  be  quiet 

desire,  have  desire,  covet 


u 


uwm 
*uwi-ni 
*una,  unpina 
*un-e 

uni 

ule 

ule,   (uel) 

ura 
*ura(pin) 

*uru-ni 
*urusi 
*urse,  use 
*usa-ni 

use 

usete,  useti,  usute 
*usiu-n 
*usiule 
*usui-mi 
*usulu 

usxi-ni 


kill  someone 

flee 

cure 

quiet,  cause  to  be  silent 

desire,  covet 

stop,  cease 

be  sad,  cry,  be  unable 

dig  holes 

make  sport  of,  anger,  feel,  cause 

feeling 
fall 

have,  carry 
learn   (language) 
have  hang-nails  on  the  fingers 
smell,  have  an  odor 
conceive  (child) 
depart 

go  out  (fire) 
give  seeds 
surpass,  conquer 
be  sad 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


445 


uspu,  usupu 
*ustu 
*uska 

*uske 

uxe,  uxue,  (uxwe) 

uxsi-ni 
*uhisoni 

up 
*upi 

upu 

*upxi,  upxiti 
*utisi 

*utix 

utu 
*utue 
*utku 

uta-si 
*uke 
*uk-ini-ni 

uk-isi,  uk-esi,  uk.osi,  uknesi 
*utci 
*utcu 

utcu,  utu,  hutcu 


fast 

whistle 

cure  by  removing  stick  (sucking 
by  shaman?) 

mend,  fix,  repair 

guard;  bring  the  object  guarded 

increase 

desire,  crave,  covet 

roll 

cover  one's  self  (clothes) 

pay,  buy,  sell 

sip,  drink  a  little 

bargain,  trade,  buy,  crave,  desire, 
covet 

crave,  covet 

guard,  place,  sow  (seed) 

make  a  grimace 

double,  fold 

guard,  protect  (child) 

bring  water 

wish  to  fall,  walk  around  (dizzi- 
ness!) 

drink  water 

close 

open 

carry  someone,  raise,  lift 


waian 

wane 
*wane-ni 
*walektis 

wal-u-n,  wolo-n 

wara,  warsa 

warak,  warka 
*warepi 

waris 

warse,  warsi 

warta,  wanta 
*was-e 
*wasi 
*wasi 
*washski,   (wackif) 

waxa,  waktci,  wak,  waxu 
*waxaiam 
*waxa-ni 
*wata 

wate 


miss,  err 

satiate,  cloy 

wound  one's  self 

follow  in  file 

be  envious 

cut 

weep,  cry 

visit,  salute 

dislike 

follow,  perform 

hide  behind 

cut  and  dry  meat 

beg  a  great  deal 

hate,  abandon 

pulverize  (with  the  teeth) 

scratch,  scrape 

be  thirsty 

do  an  act  slowly 

seize,  bring,  take  atole 

come,  go 


446         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  EtTin.    [Vol.  11 


wate 
*waterei,  wetere 


wakun 

wakna,  waka-ni 

weLo 

wesi,  xuksi 

wexe 
*wetso 

wi 

wiya 

wilki 

wilo 
*wiltu 

wilkwo,  welko 

wire 
*wirwe 

wisa 
*wis-a 
*wisen 
*wisen 
*wisol 
*wispe 

wixe 

wixi,  wini,  uxi-ni 

wixia 

wipa 
*wit 

witi 
*witu 

wik-e,  wiwe 
*woso-ni 
*wopo 


lack,  fail,  be  wanting 

augment,  make  great 

open  the  stomach  and  entrails 

drown  at  childbirth 

freeze 

cover  the  head 

kindle,  light 

shield,  cover 

take  out  the  belly 

commence,  begin 

light,  enlighten 

unfold 

affirm  with  the  eyes 

slope  backwards  above 

swell  up  (tule) 

blow  upon,  cure 

illumine  with  a  brand 

display,  show,  teach 

scratch  (birds) 

dress  a  person 

spill,  scatter 

uncover,  disclose 

flash  lightning 

split  feathers  for  arrows 

fish,  turn  about,  cure 

dispute,  question 

invite 

bow,  stoop,  jump 

fall,  be  thrown 

break  a  fingernail 

tremble,  shake 

choke    (with   pinole) 

boil 


"yarn 
*yan 
*yanu-ni 

*yasa 
*yat-ia 

yata-ti 
*yatan,  lasun 

yati 
*yats-e 

"yeikmi,  yere-ni 
*yenko 


in   the  stomach   from 


catch  (moles) 
boast 
have   pain 
running 
not  take 
frighten 
give    anything 
be  full  (net) 
follow,  accompany 
be  urged,  impelled 
remain,  continue,  be  suspended 
divide  love  (?) 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


447 


yer 

"yiusie 

*yim-,  yumile 
»yilu 
*yira 
*yika 

yono,  yons 
*yoreti 
*yoron 
*yoxon 
*yoso,  yusu 
*yoporon 
*yopok 

yoke 

yoko 
*yuwi-ni 
*yuya 

yume,  yame 

yura 
*yuxi(s) 
*yupki-ni 
*yutu-n 


grow  old,  become  torn 

happen,  succeed 

turn  seat  around 

commence,  enter  (season) 

pick,   prick 

grind   in  metate 

cut   hair 

chase,  pursue 

pile  up 

loosen,  slacken,  ease 

have  carnal  intercourse  inter  se 

make,  manufacture 

hail 

make  sport  of  one 

make  ash,  become  ashes 

remain,  stay 

bathe,   swim 

deceive,  cheat 

kill  by  hand 

hope  to 

break  the  bottom  off 

run,  fall,  flow  (tears) 


M 


*ma 

mai 
*mai-a,  mai-x 

man 

mala,  male 
*mali 
*malu-n 
*maxe 
*maxer 

maxi,  mawi 

maxu 
*max-tci 
*map-is 

matal-,  matulani 

matmu,  matnui 
*mak-a 

makai,  maki 

maku 
*maku 

mene,  (mane) 
*menomi,  monomi 
*meno-ni,  menso 
*mensie 
*merke 


look 

laugh,  smile 

view,  behold 

quench,  put  out 

soak,  wet 

cover  the  genitals 

come  down  for  the  night 

look  down,  view  beneath 

make  sport  of  one  with  the  eyes 

close 

open 

be  blind,  unable  to  see 

put  hand  over  or  in  mouth 

place  face  downward 

stink,  have  bad  odor 

be   indistinct 

cover,  place  in  order  to  clean 

get  married 

go  to  eat 

forget 

sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  water 

drown  in  the  water 

be  ignorant  of,  not  understand 

move  from  the  house 


448         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


mexe,  maxe 

mete 

*miwe,  miwik,  mixu 
*milan 
*milka 

mira 
*mire 

*mistu 

*mixira 

*mipti 

*mito-n 

*mike 

mit-ci,  mitcui,  mintcui 
*moiLel-e 
*moitce,  moiti 

mome-n,  (monie-n) 
*momo 
*monoi 

monse 

monsie 
*moro 

morke   (morwe) 
*moxo-n 

moho,  molio 
*motiolpese 
*motuhe-n 

moko 
*muisi-n 
*muiku 

muma,  mapu  (mupa) 
*mumi 

munse,  munsu 
*mure 

mursu-n 

musi 

musi 
*musi 

*musiuru-ni 
*musuk-te 

muxe 
*muxi 
*muxuki,  ixikan 

mup- 

mut- 
*mut-ie 
*muku 
*muteipi 


look,  see 

hide  (in  the  grass) 
strike? 

spread  on  the  ground  (bread) 
rob  one  without  apprehension 
give  presents,  regale 
fix   the  head   like   newborn   chil- 
dren 

warm  oneself 

pluck  the  skin  on  the  hand,  graze 
brood  in  nest 
fall  (bread) 

test  with  the  point  of  the  finger 
sharpen,  temper,  blunt  (arrow) 
run  in  a  crowd 
gather,  collect,  come  together 
be  late,  delay 

place  something  face  downward 
enmesh,  entangle 
advise 

relate,  recount 
beg  and  accumulate  (grain) 
make  sport  of  one  by  shouting 
submerge,  sink 
dance  above  (women) 
make  a  reverence 
appear,  grow   (hair) 
be  born,  leave 
love,  desire,  covet 
swallow  without  chewing 
suck 

join,  combine,  meet  (roads) 
soil,  dirty 

camp,  prepare  for  night 
ache  in  molar  teeth 
suckle 
heat,  warm 
like,  covet 
tickle  in  the  nose 
rub,  pulverize  in  the  hands 
suspect,    misconstrue 
be  hot    (weather) 
finish  grinding  pinole 
close  the  mouth 
tickle  in  the  hands  and  feet 
eat  pinole 
hawk,  cough 
eat  breakfast 


3916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


449 


N 


*nayate 

iiam,   nanm 
*nane,  nene 

nansa  (nausa,  namma) 

nansi 
*nasu-ni 
*natka-u 
*neike 

nesepa 
*niatin 

nimi 

nipa 

noso-po 
*noxi 

notio 

noto 
*nue 
*nuiri 
*nuisin 
*numa-ni 

nusa-ni 
*nuski 


go  gathering,  get 

hear,  listen  to,  understand 

count,  pass  in  list,  miss 

experiment,  test 

know,  recognize 

fall,  break  (fire,  brand) 

blacken,  cause  to  become  black 

be  quiet,  gentle 

ask  permission 

cease  doing,  quit 

strike,  beat,  kill 

teach 

breathe 

guard,  hide 

lie,  deny  the  truth 

slap  face,  box  ear 

be 

desire  to,  wish  to 

love 

increase  (pain) 

pant,  breathe  heavily 

snore 


*laisaisi 

lala 

lalei 
*lalu-n 
*laski(nis) 
*latue 

lak-e,  lawe 

laki 

laku-n,  lauku-n,  lusku-n 
*lakwa-n 
*lakpom 
*latcia 
*lelte 
*lek.o 

letsen,  lessen,  lelsem 

liwa,  lixwa 

liwi,   (lik(.)i,  liewi,  likni, 

lixin,  lix,  uwi) 
*l.imuok 

lilui 

lisko-n,  lisa-n 


sing  rapidly 

fell,  throw 

fan,  winnow 

lose,  miss  the  road,  wander 

depart  for  another  place 

signal  with  the  tongue 

rise,  climb   (sun) 

hang 

gulp,  eat  without  chewing 

change  from  one  to  another 

trip,  fall,  roll  and  lose  something 

remain  in  one  place 

turn  the  eyes  too  much 

stink,  have  a  bad  odor 

like,  enjoy,  please 

hide  in  the  grass 

beat,  cudgel,  kill 

steal,  run,  return  and  not  catch 

amuse,  entertain 

slip,  slide,  scrape,  graze 


450          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


lipa 
*lik-wa 

loe 
*lole 
*l-olio 
*Lopopoi 
*lopxe,  lopkti 

lok(oi)s,  loksio,  lokosi 
*lokuk 
*luismu 
*lulpus 

luxu-n,  lux-u-n 
*lut-apa 
"lutie 
*luka 
*lutcuma 


hide  in  any  place 

plaster,  daub,  smear,  gloss 

loath,  nauseate,  repudiate 

cause  to  speak,  break  a  speech 

be  content,  appeased,  cease  anger 

pass  between 

become  mouldy   (wheat) 

lie,  make  a  mistake 

put  out    (eye) 

fall  from  weight 

play  the  flute 

stick  in  mud  or  clay,  be  stuck  in 

wallow   (in  sin) 

hang  (like  a  swing) 

soften  the  hair 

get  wet,  soaked 


E 


*ranu-n 

*rats-a 

*rateami 

*remomae 

*rensik 

*rete,  rekte 

*retie 

*reke 

*riwi 

riri 
*ristest 

ripa 
*ripu,  rotciwewi 

ripu 
*ripsa 

rita 
*rite 

ritca 

roroi-s,  (roro-s) 

rote 

roto 

*rotuk,  rotko 
*roko 

rotcio,  rotcue,  rotciwe 

ruisu,  ruisiu,  ruisin,  ruima, 
riiki,  ruinxa 

runa 

rusu 
*ruxi 


have  pain    in  the  neck 

increase,  crackle 

be  swelled  up  with  plants 

go  from  one  place  to  another 

interrupt,  confuse 

gather,  collect 

hang  in  a  hidden  place 

change  oneself,  move 

transform,  change 

put  selvage  on  cloth 

serve,  do 

hit  with  the  fist 

release,  disentangle,  cleanse,  purify 

prick 

open  with  a  knife 

cry,  shout 

make  dried  meat 

speak,     talk,     converse,     recount, 

play,  entertain 

play,  entertain,  divert,  amuse 
be  (substantive) 
drown 

untangle,  untie  knot,  knot,  tie  knot 
put  in  the  embers 
enmesh,  entangle,  free,  disentangle 
move,  stir,  tremble,  shake 

dance 

spit,  expectorate 

hide  in  the  rear 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


451 


ruta 

ruta 

rutus 

*rutuk 

*rutu-n 


speak  about  a  person,  or  thing,  re- 
fer to 

cut,  gather  (wheat,  feathers,  etc.) 
conceive  (child) 
signal  ' '  no  "  with  the  head 
surround  by  water,  isolate 


s 


sawe 

saya 
*sayal 

*samai,  samia 
*sanae 
*salu-ni 

salpa 
*salki 
*sare 
*saromi 

sarpa 
*sasa 

sate 

satar(a),  siatar(a) 

sate 

sak-a 

sakeri-ni 
*satcepume 

seye 

semo-n,  semso-n,  (semxo-n) 

sele,  sehele 

selpe 

sese 

seso-n 
*sesort-po 

sesuk 

sepe   (spepe) 
*sepie-n 
*sialwini 

siaxu,  siaksu 
*sietco-ni 

siole 

siotio 
*siokole-n 
*siurire,  similile 
*siuspu-ni 
*siuto 


sing 

shout,  cry 

lie  face  upward 

cut  the  forelock 

approach,  draw  near 

get  a  cinder  in  the  eye 

hang,  place  in  a  cleft  or  fissure 

split,  fall  apart 

pray  in  one's  room 

administer  extreme  unction 

patch,  disappear  from  view 

discover,  find  (land) 

make  sport  of  one  by  naming  him 

open  the  mouth 

toast 

bring  a  little 

stick  in  the  uvula 

bring  coals,  embers 

lengthen,  expand 

die 

look  backward 

intoxicate  with  tobacco  or  liquor, 

be  crazy 
walk  in  file 
shiver 

swell  with  pride,  become  haughty 
decay 
cut  hair 
satiate,  cloy 
split  a  flute 
speak  softly 
hit  (in  stones) 

talk,  converse  among  selves,  be  sad 
tie  hair  in  a  tuft 
become  hoarse,  unable  to  speak 
have  a  ringing  in  the  ears 
be  blinded  by  the  sun 
hunt  moles 


452         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


siwe-n,  sik-e-n 
*siwi-ni,  sixi-ni 

siwi(ri-n) 
*sin-a-n 
*sinmekpi 

sinsi 
*sintcu,  suitcu 

sinkuru,  siukuru 
*silku 
*siru 

*sixu-ni,  suxu-ni 
*sitia-ni 
*siti-npe 

site 

siksa,  sikila,  (sika) 
*sitcitce 
*soinwe 

soro 
*sorpo 

*soter-pu-ni 
*sokoro 
*sokto-n 
*suman,  sumula 
*sumiri-ni 

sumixi-ni,  sunii-n,  s-umiu 

sumu 

su-n,  swi-ni 
*sulu-ni 
*surire-n 
*sur-ni 

susu 
*susxe 
*supe-ni 

supi 

*sut-u-ni 
*sutwi 
*sutki,  sut-e 
*suka 

sukumu 

suksi,  sukis 

swi-n,  swi-u 
*swisia-ni 

swixe,  sinxe 
*switcu 
*stcekele  (cekele?) 


break  wind 

disappear  (smoke,  thirst) 

suffocate  with  heat,  burn 

become  bald 

kiss 

act  like  a  boy,  otacer 

toast,  cook  in  earth-oven 

tickle  in  the  body 

lift  skirt,  pull  shirt-tail 

grind  salt 

rush,  gush 

have  feet  asleep 

crumble,  chip,  make  small 

spread  (fire) 

soil,  dirty 

cry  with  pain  or  weeping 

enmesh,  entangle 

flow,  gush 

disappear,    dim,    recede,    vanish, 

fade 

extend  the  feet 
darken,  become  night 
get  a  drop  of  water  in  the  eye 
become  soiled,  dirty 
sleep  from  satiety 
be  content 
decay 
die 

drop  or  cinder  fall  in  the  eye 
die  out,  go  out,  extinguish  (fire) 
heat,  warm  oneself 
be  afraid,  fearful 
act  foolishly,  play  the  fool 
dream  of  one 
tie,  bind 
break,  crack 
pinch  the  mouth 
stretch  the  ears 
go  to  meet 
smoke  (tobacco) 

think,  watch,  observe,  disapprove 
consume,  use  up,  finish,  die 
singe  the  hair 
skin,  take  off  hide 
toast 
set,  place 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


453 


xaisku,  xasku,  (xaise-n) 
*xaune 

xawa 
*xawei 
*xawimi 
*xawi-ni 
*xamu-ni 

xa-mpin,  xa-npu 
*xan-ni 
*xalawe 

xalas 
*xaleti 
*xalsi-npe-ne 

xalki 

xari 

*xarxare 
*xarpa 

*xartcute 

xas.a 

xase-n,  xasese-n 

xasiwa 

xasi-mu-n 

xasli-n  (xarli) 

xastitinme,  xatirinine 
*xapu 

xata 
*xatu 
*xatki 
*xatki-ni 

xata 

*xatuel-e 
*xake-ni 
*xakwa-iku 

xatci-n,  xatsi-n,  xati-n 
*xeiwele,  xeixeie 

xewe,  xewi 

xemko 
*xelue 

xelxelte 

xeksio,  (xeisio) 
*xiete 

xii,  wi,  xihi,  xiixi,  xiisi 

xiwa 
*xiwis 

xima 
*ximsu 

xine,  (xinkone) 


tickle,  itch 
draw,  fetch  water 
call 

put  on  a  veil 
enclose,  lock  in 
still,  quiet,  be  quiet 
die  out,  go  out  (fire) 
eat  again 

desire,  crave,  covet 
strike  sparks 
lie,  make  a  mistake 
play 

kindle,  light  (flint  and  steel) 
stretch,  extend 
begin,  commence 
befall  ill,  happen  badly 
disappear,  fade  away,  become  in- 
visible 

lack  a  bit,  a  little  missing 
desire  to,  want  to 
become  angry 
scratch 

be  ashamed,  shame 
fear,  be  afraid 
enter  wind  and  cold 
cleanse,  withdraw  dirt 
sweep 

gather,  assemble  (fleas) 
cleanse,  purify 
go  to  the  other  side 
hit 

grumble,  complain 
be  flatulent,  full  of  wind 
go  for  mussels 

die  of  hunger,  thirst,  laughing,  etc. 
earthquake,  tremble  (earth) 
cast  shadow,  reflect 
set  (sun) 
strip  off  bark 
float 
satisfy 
hiccup 

go  for  fire,  light  fire 
arrive,  bring 

take  off  rope  around  neck 
seek,  search 
roll  the  head 
go,  walk 


454         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


*xile 

xiras,  xirat 

xiri 
*xirwi-ni 

xise 

xisie,  (xitsik) 
*xisli-n 
*xixwi 

xipu 
*xiteti 

xiti,  xitui,  (xite) 
*xitu-ni 
*xita 
*xite 
*xite  pet-o 

xitia,    (xita) 
*xiti-mi 

xito,  (xita,  xikto) 
*xitorpi 
*xitske-n 

xiksi,  xiwis,  xikoi 
*xitsik 

xoin-we,  xoixu-we,  xoaxu 
*xowo 
*xomo 
*xon(.)o(ti) 
*xonkote,  xonxote 
*xolome,  xauni 

xorko 

xope 

xopo 

*xot-oro,  xot-ori 
*xotpo 
*xoteolon 
*xuma,   (xutna) 

xu-mi 
*xu-ni 

xute 
*xuta 

xuti 
*xut-u-n 
*xutski,  xutoki 
*xuka 
*xutcu 


*hairmurnik-ui 
hius-e,  hinse,  wise,  ihuse-n 
•hiuti 


H 


be  wounded,  have  wounds 

scold,  quarrel,  lift  the  voice 

make  dried  meat 

lessen,  be  ceasing  (rain,  wind) 

select,  choose,  elect 

make 

have  pain  in  teeth 

disdain,  reject 

carry 

rub  together 

cleanse  oneself 

catch  the  hand  in  the  door 

make  dried  meat 

spur,  prick,  goad,  stick 

stop  (wind) 

sew 

become  indebted 

stretch,  crawl 

throw,  put,  carry  outside 

be  contented 

tie,  bind 

make  cotton  cloth 

carry 

shout  ho!  ho! 

skin,  take  off  hide 

evolver  al  arco 

bundle,  collect  in  a  bundle 

ignore,  not  invite 

gulp,  swallow 

climb,  mount 

give  water,  give  drink 

put  hand  in  vagina 

set   (sun) 

make  a  hole   (water) 

grind  (mortar  or  metate) 

give  anything 

finish  life,  approach  death 

kindle,  light  fire 

place  inside 

play  game 

remove  dust,  powder 

seize,  withdraw,  remove 

change  (song) 

carry  on  shoulder 


lift  with  one  hand 
wish,  desire,  want 
throw,   east 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


455 


*hihe(pim) 

*hume 

*humi-n 

humiri,  (umiri,  tumiri) 
humu-n,   humsu-n, 
(umsu-n,  unsu-n) 

*hun.i 


be  defiant 

join,  impinge,  strike 

wash  oneself 

baptize 

fly 

mix,  stir 


paita 
*paye 

paya 
*pala 

*palsi-mi-n 
*parsa 

parki 
*part-cipu 
*pasipi 
*paskei 

paxat,  paxtca 
*patiami-n 

pati 
*patue 
*patsxin,  patski 

paka 
*pak-ak 
*paka-ksi 
*pakeit 
*pakere 
*pakul 
*paksa 

patci 

pele,  pelke 

pelte,  pete 

pesoi(po) 
*pepena 
*pet-e 
*pet-e 
*pete-ni 
*petole 
*piisokri 

pio 

*pinawai 
*pilpul-e,  pulpul-e,  tultul-e 

pira 

*pirka-n 
*pisieks.i 

pixi,  pixe 


hunt  (geese) 
be  pregnant 
run 

slap,  hit  with  the  palm 
toast,  cook 
gleam,  appear  light 
weigh 
saw  a  pine 
visit,  salute 

secure  fire  with  flint  and  steel 
know,  recognize 
bet,  wager 
have,  hold  in  hand 
release,  loose 
strike  sparks 
seek,  call,  crack  mussels 
marry 
beat 

obtain  fire,  make  fire 
start  (tears) 
give  hand,  shake  hands 
shine,  lighten   (fire) 
fall  dew,  sprinkle 
stick,   join   together,   loosen,  sep- 
arate 
shut  eyes 
remember,  think 
espigar  castellanamente 
guard  fried  fish 
escape,  flee,  fly,  go 
keep  mouth  closed 
keep  feet  together 
knock  with  fingers 
cleanse  teeth 
have  pain  (neck) 
beat,  palpitate  (heart,  pulse) 
inhume,  bury 
scratch   (birds) 
grind,  pulverize 
split,  open 


456          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


pixu-ni 
*pitilu,   pistu 

pitipu,  pitui-ni 
*pitu-ni 
*pitsi 

pite,  pitue,  pitui 
*pits-a 

pitciwi 

*poistco-ni,  poitco-ni 
*poiko-ni 
*polo 

pol-o 
*porpore 

posio,  pasio 
*pos-o 
*posol-o  ats 
*poso(poi) 
*poxoro-n 

poto 
*poko-ni 

potsie 
*punsi-wi 
*punsi-ni 

pulki-ni 
*puriure 

pusa 
*pusi-n 
*puxi 
*put-i 

put.in 
*putu 

puta 

puti,  pute,  putei-ri 

putski 
*putske 
*putsiule,  potsinle 


burst  pus 
pinch,   squeeze 

cleanse  intestines  of  excrement 
flow,  gush  (tears) 
frighten,  frighten  away 
tie,  bind,  unloose,  untie 
signal  "no"  with  eyes 
shake,  cleanse  the  hair 
break  wind  without  knowledge 
frighten,  scare 
sunt  sodomicici 
paint,  draw 
doze 

cut,  singe  hair  with  brand 
check,  suspend,  equal 
intend  to  dispute 
be  drunk,  intoxicated 
get  the  hives 

pull  out  down,  fine  hair,  pluck 
swell,  puff  up 
grumble,  censure 
catch    (birds) 
view  with  close  attention 
break  off  bottom 
quake,  tremble,  earthquake 
satiate,  fill,  cloy 
twist  like  a  whirlwind 
recover,  feed,  give  to  eat 
cover  and  guard 
involve,  wrap,  gather 
return  and  go  from  place  to  place 
bring  acorns,  etc. 
blow 
pull  hair 

make  the  sound  "put,  put" 
burn    brightly,    make    no    smoke 
(fire) 


T 


*taula-si 
*taye 

*tamin,  tan. 
tamu 

*tamxa-ni 
tamta 

*tanu,  tanyu,  tan. 
*tanta 


hold  in  arms 

go  quietly 

double,  fold 

warm  oneself  in  the  sun,  take  the 

sun 

have  earache 
strike,  beat 
lift  skirts 
embrace,  lift  in  arms 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


457 


*talu-ni 

taltu 
*talku 
*tasiute 
*tastu 
*taxara 

tax(©) 

tapa 

*tapi 

tata 
*tatska 
*taka-ni 
*tak-e 

taku-ni 

teme-n,  temo,  temso 

tenpe,  tempe 

tere 

terpe 

tie,  tik 

tio 

*tiusi-n 
*timire-ni 
*timu-ni 

tinke-ni 
*tilo 
*tiru 
*tirsu-n 
*tisi 
*tixi 
*tixiro-ni 

tipe,  tiptipe 
*tipur 
*tipso-ni 
*tipki 
*titi-n 
*titu 
*tituk 
*titu 
*tit-ci 
*toutosi 
*towo-n 

tone,  tonse 
*tolso 

tor-ke 
*toxere-ni 
*topope 

totio-n 
*totoro-n 


make  blisters  on  hands 

extend  the  palms  of  the  hands 

spring,  jump 

watch,  dance 

display  palms  of  hands 

follow,  go  after 

ask,  question 

turn  the  tables,  pay  back  in  own 

coin 
measure 
touch 

extend  hand 
burn 
measure 
choke,  strangle 

sleep  by  fire',  warm  oneself  by  fire 
dry  up  (water,  river) 
cut  hair 

smart,  pucker  (pepper) 
grumble,  complain 
shoot  arrow 
flower,  be  in  flower 
have  headache 
trip,  stumble 
jump,  spring,  leap 
don  regalia 
miscarry 
cut,  break 
cure  the  itch 

slice  meat,  make  dried  meat 
slip,  slide,  fall 
wander,  walk  about 
cut  hair 

rattle,  make  a  noise  (bone) 
cut  hand 

cover  with  shoulder 
fray,  unweave 
lie  on  one  side 
extend  hand 
drown 

harden,  strengthen 
remain  rigid,  frozen 
lose,  find 
break  knees 
bring  amole 
be  constipated 

extend  fingers  and  do  top,  top 
err,  mistake,  lie 
put  in  salt,  salinify 


458          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


*totue 

tokso,  (tokse) 
*tuin» 

*tuisu,  tuiu-rure 
*tume-n,  tume-mels 

tun.e,  (tunk) 

tunute,  (tanute) 

tule,  (tulk) 
*tuluk 

tulku 

tur-si 
*tusi-n 
*tusu-n 

tupu-n 
*tuta 
*tutiu-n 
*tutisi 
*tukitce 


put  on  shawl 

rumble,  make  great  noise,  snore 

makei  wooden  bridge 

tremble  (hand,  belly) 

make  food 

finish,  complete,  end 

conceive  (child) 

knock  at  door,  call 

cover  one  (for  the  night) 

give  rap,  fillip 

be  cold,  chilly 

watch  a  dance 

await,  expect 

finish,  complete,  end 

cover  one,  put  on  hat 

die? 

string  a  bow 

lift  earth,  (encorrar) 


T 


*tayuwire 

tala 
*tasak 
*tata 
*tatu-n 
*tatuhule 
*takarpite 

teyo 

*temelele 
*tele 

tetesi 
*teke 
*tien 

tiwi 
*tinai 
*tiniwi 
*til-usi 
*tis-ektene,  tcirsextene 

tisku 
*tixta 

tipe 

*tipe(spi) 
*tip-wi 
*titi 

tika 
*toilo 

ton(o)me 
*tonko-n 


smile,  chuckle,  half  laugh 

be  hot  (weather),  put  in  sun 

clear,  clarify  (sky,  weather) 

possess  much,  own  much 

cease  pain 

speak  between  teeth 

sit  down,  sink 

blaze,  heat,  be  afire 

burn  much 

go  in  file,  follow 

push,  jostle,  squeeze,  hold 

tip-toe>,  walk  on  toes 

kick 

put  in  bag,  pocket 

tighten,  constrain 

milk 

listen  to  attentively,  hear 

cover  with  ashes 

split,  break,  smash 

hide  in  sand,  be  hidden 

thresh  grain 

make  thongs,  straps  for  the  capote 

cut,  shorten,  clip,  abbreviate 

defend 

chew,  masticate 

be  seated 

seek  a  dead  animal 

wither,  become  ury  (seeds) 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


459 


*toxoro 

*tox(pe) 

*tu 

tuma-s,  (tumas,  tumsa-n) 

tunku,  (tunuk) 

*tulu 
*tura 
*tursu,  tutsu 

tupu-ni 

tuka 


pass,  go  by  (water) 
dry  up  (water,  river) 
strike  in  the  eye 
like,  enjoy,  please 
signal    "no"    with   nostrils,    con- 
stricting them 
make  a  hole 
thunder 

walk  continually,  never  stop 
put  finger  in  eye 
beg,  ask 


kai,   (kayi,  kaixi) 
*kai-ti 
*kawak 
*kam 

kama(i),  kamexe 
*kamu 


*kanxi 

kale 
*kal.u 
*kar 
*kara 
*karapu 
*karka 
*karki 

kase 
*kaxi 

kapal(a) 
*kapata 
*kapi 

katia 
*katu 
*katu-ni 
*katca,  kateue 

*kat-ci 
*keie(k) 
kewe,  keinwe 
*kelete,  kelte 

*kelok(mo),  kelox(mo) 
*kenem 

ketio 

kil-e 


smart,  be  strong,  bitter,  bite 

tighten,  constrain 

advise,  notify 

do,  make 

look,  watch,  see,  behold 

lend   (wife) 

lack  a  bit,  be  missing  a  piece 

go  to  the  quarrel,  fight 

dry  up 

defend 

bite 

be  fortunate,  happen  well 

grind,   rub   in  the   palms 

give  tobacco 

kindle  fire  with  small  sticks 

bargain,  trade,  barter 

bite 

louse,  expel  lice 

embrace 

cross  the  arms,  hands 

carry  a  large  bundle  under  the  arm 

give  (clothes,  food) 

kill  with  teeth  (lice) 

dry  up  (water) 

be  full  of  crickets,  insects;  expel 
them 

drown 

gather,  collect,  come  together 

obstruct,  intercept 

frown  upon,  watch  with  disap- 
probation 

play  by  pinching 

put  in  proper  place 

argue,  dispute,  contradict 

shine,  glare,  glitter 


460         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


*kiriwire,  kiripire 
*kixti,  kikti 

kipi 
*kipuhs 

kitpa 
*kita 
*kitca,  kitcua 

ko,  ko.,  kwo.,  kwa,  kua 

kome 
*koliole 
*kwie,  kuie 

kunile  (kupile) 

kusa 
*kusinwi 
*kuxa 

kuta(s),  kuta(r),  kuteuru, 

kuturu 
*kut-a 

krak(.)e,  xrak(.)e 


write 

have  pain  in  throat 

wink 

inflate,  swell  cheeks 

hide  in  hollow  of  a  tree 

make  fire  with  two  sticks 

close,  lock  with  key;  open,  unlock 

say 

tire,  become  tired 

rumble,  grumble  (intestines) 

whistle 

smoke  (fire) 

wash 

meet,  encounter,  see 

hide  among  rocks 

double,  bind,  tie 

tolerate,  suffer,  endure 
name,  call 


TO 


tcai(es) 

tcaora,  teausara,  (tcaura) 

*tcauri 
*tcantcane 

tcala,  (tcalsa,  teasali) 
*tcahel-e,  tceheLe 

tcapu 

*tcaka,  teaksa 
*tcak-i,  tcaxki 
*tcaku-niti 
*tcakna-n 
*tcimun,  tcaimun 
*tcimu-ni 
*tcile 

tcirpi 
*tcikri-n,  tcixri-n 

tcite 
*tcitmo 
*tcoliote 
*tcorowe 

teorok 
*tcotle 

teokse,  tcos-o 

tcunu,  tcuni,  tunu;  (tcun.), 
tcunuhwi 

teulu 


praise 

be  seated,  be  (positional  substan- 
tive) 

stink,  smell  bad 

walk  with  shoulders  raised 

urinate 

take  the  higher  part  (song) 

prick,  stick,  pinch 

bring,  arrive 

leave,  depart 

hate,  desert 

go  ahead 

treat  ill,  hinder,  impede 

bump  the  head 

ring  bell 

cry,  shout 

reside,  live 

dance 

prick,  punch  the  eyes 

water  moves  in  intestines 

moisten,  dampen 

sadden,  become  sad 

be  in  file  or  line 

have  pain  (in  mouth  or  ear) 

wrap,   extend,   shorten,   double, 
lift,  fold,  unfold 

jump,  spring,  leap 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


461 


*tculki 
*tcuspa 
*tcukuri-ni 


strangle,  choke  by  squeezing  neck 

hide 

defecate,  void  excrement 


ADJECTIVES 


aul-i 

austu 

auxe 

amaya 

amank 

ansi 

antiwin 

asia 

apsie,  apsik 

ateitak 

atcien 

atciwa 

euti 

el-emo 

elepis,  elewia 

emxe 

eS-O 

etsxe 

ina 

in-se 

irk-ti-o,  irx-ti-o 

isiwa 

itas,  itsa 

itce 

owos 

omxol.e 

olsie 

umulu 

unxu 

unkum 

ursi 

usula,  (usuna) 

ukumi 

utcili 

wartci 

was.  a,  waska,  waksa 

wasiwe 

we-solo,  we-yero,  we-saro 

we-tan 

wetemes.ate 

wiman 

witina 

witcuktel,  witcuxtel,  wits-u 


salty,  saline 

sweet-toothed,  gluttonous 

high,  tall 

nude,  naked 

famous 

left-handed 

small 

distinct,  different 

good 

so  great 

thievish 

silly,  filthy 

sweet 

soft  (ground) 

straight,  in  file 

very  soft,  gentle,  easy 

lewd,  unchaste 

leafless,  bare 

ill,  sick 

lachrymose 

flatulent 

newborn 

new 

small,  little 

obedient,  faithful 

light,  without  weight 

soft,  easy 

filthy,  vile 

snotty,  filthy 

thin,  rare 

big-headed 

deep-set  (eyes) 

crippled 

full-lipped,  thick-lipped 

difficult,  narrow,  small  (road) 

streaked,  soiled 

playful 

large,  great 

large,  great 

lean,  gaunt,  thin 

lazy 

sticky 

narrow,  small 


462          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  EtTin.    [Vol.  11 


womo 

wot-olo 

yamutsi 

yateomas,  yatceme 

yer-se 

yolto,  yot-a 

yopono 

yusulu 

mam-oxa,  mam-oka, 

mam-anxa 
maxuLu 
mata 

matini,  matild 
meilo 

mex-el,  max-ele 
metske 
minus 
misi-min,   misi-mpin, 

misi-a 
mitile 
mom-ti-e 
muretu,  murtcu,  murtu, 

murt-cu 
muse 
mutimte 
mutcira 
natka 
niotsio 
noioro 
noti-ti-o 
nop-ti-o 

nuxurikonin,  nuxurixonin 
nutiri 
laita 
laskan 
latem 

lakte,  laxte 
lexete 
Le-ti-o,  Le-t'i-o,  loito, 

Lok-ti-o 
lisu,  liisu 
lisnie 
lit-imo 
lopote 
lopteo 
luplupsi 
lutcuma,  luspi,  1-uspi, 

1-utspi,  lutspi 
lutcti 


bearded 

deep-set  (eyes) 

unequal,  different 

torn,  full  of  holes 

torn,  old,  broken 

big-eared 

ruptured 

fat,  pot-bellied 

foolish,   stupid,  silly 

catarrhal,  expectorant 

long-haired 

large,  great 

large-mouthed 

blear-eyed 

cloudy,  clouded 

narrow,  difficult  (road) 

pretty,   nice,   pleasant,   beautiful, 

good 

curved,  crooked,  bent 
slow,  late,  tardy 
dark,  black,  like  night 

full-breasted 

fat-buttocked 

pleated 

dark,  black 

short,  bob-tailed 

big-footed 

lying,  untruthful 

short  in  time,  quick 

flat-nosed 

big-nosed 

long  in  time,  tall,  high,  long 

even,  smooth,  plain 

long,  large-tongued 

big-headed 

long,  tenuous,  stringy  (phlegm) 

soft,  easy,  loose,  not  hard 

toothless,  gums 

empty,  clear 

wet  (hair) 

firmly  resolute 

ruptured 

equal,  straight,  untwisted 

wet  hair 

big-bellied,  hairless 


1916] 


Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


463 


rauta 
rinta 
riski 
ritca 

ritcua 

rikti 

romso 

ropto 

rotcitco,  ritcra,  rotciko 

rutis 

rutai 

saure,  (sauri) 

saru 

saxirinme 

satara 

siat-cara 

sieperero 

simke 

sitl-u,  sitda 

somsie 

sotolo,  sokolo,  sotitco 

supiri 

sup-u 

xan-an 

xalea 

xas,  xase 

xaska 

xat-xatsi,  xat-xasti 

xemtso 

xene 

xeLwen 

xetoesi 

xetsxe 

xitsu,    (xitsiu 

xontce,  xonxontee 

xos-ti-o,  xoiskore 
xo-ti-es 
xo-ti-o,  xoie 
xotpe,  xot-iko 
xotsu 

xokoi(o) 

hituktei,  hituxtei 

howos 

hoxehen 

humulu 

husiero 


with  big  occiput,  back  of  head 

thin,  lean 

flat-nosed 

liberal,   frank,   generous,   bene- 
ficent 

silly,  foolish,  stupid 

protruding   (eyes) 

granular 

dirty- eyed 

blear-eyed 

open,  uncovered,  excavated 

congealed 

fat,  greasy 

ruptured 

sweet,  odoriferous 

unclean 

clear,  rare,  thin 

woolly,  fleecy,  hairy 

silent 

small,    young 

lewd,  unchaste 

big-lipped,  large-mouthed 

watered 

like  a  bladder,  blister 

married 

blind 

brave,  fierce 

brunet,  dark-skinned 

clean,  well-swept 

silent 

unequal 

content,  satisfied 

leafless,  sharp-pointed,  keen 

tired,  worn-out 

insipid,  tasteless 

empty,    void     (mussels),    melan- 
choly, crestfallen 

light,  with  little  weight 

foolish,    silly 

loose,  hanging 

bare,  without  fruit 

with    deep-set    eyes    and    bushy 
eyebrows 

scabby,  itchy 

mixed,  intricate 

well-served 

tardy,  late 

black 

big-mouthed 


464         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


huklemesate 

paine 

paisa 

pal(.)ka 

patka 

pel-emo,  pelsiek,  pelek 

pelo  (Sp.f) 

pelso 

pertewe 

pitko 

polso 

polpol-si 

porsie 
porko 
poxolo 

potsinle 

potxe 

potco 

puntu,  putur 

pultci-te 

putarte 

put-u,  pultu,  polto 

putcete 

tamtcite 

tasiri 

taxarute 

taxara 

tap.an 

tapta 

tepte 

tirsi,  tirtei 

tirsia 

tixima,  tilto 

tikili 

titira,  titiru 

towo-ro 

torte 

to-ti-o 

tokolo 

tokororoi 

tumuru 

tupsiu 

taila 

tanara 

tasku,  tasas 


delicate,  fine,  light 

bloody 

good  at  running 

white 

pink,   flesh-color,   red,   cream 

soft 

bald,  hairless 

garrulous 

soft   (bread) 

pot-bellied 

painted,  colored 

pinto,  spotted,  full  of  points, 
streaked 

trained  (maker  of  unusual  things) 

artistic 

prominent,  bulging,  protruding 
(eyes) 

smokeless  (fire) 

light,  little  weight 

quick,  active 

big-bellied,  with  much  intestines 

full-breasted 

newly-born 

extremely  protruding,  bulging 
(eyes) 

anxious,  desirous 

partly  painted,  colored 

hard,  tough 

drunken,  reeling 

in  file,  in  a  line,  straight 

good 

serious 

shady 

clear,  limpid,  pure 

large-buttocked 

high-browed,  with  a  large  fore- 
head 

large-eyed 

twisted,  rounded 

shivering  with  cold 

ashy,  ash-colored 

silly,  foolish,  lying,  untruthful 

syphilitic 

smooth,  straight,  even 

fat 

humpbacked,  crooked,  bent,  curved 

dwarfed 

spotted 

pink,  flesh-colored,  red 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


465 


taxiale 

tata 

tak-i 

takurute 

tesele 

tomto 

tonko 

tok.i-ti-e 

tuiuru 

tutuare 

tutuna 

kai-nawin 

kayi 

kaltcitce 

kasLu 

katitu 

katili 

kakxa,  kax-a 

kel(sie) 

kelte 

kero 

kexil-on 

ketciwesi 

kirsi,  kitsd 

kipi,  kipiri 

kipuroro,  kiwuroro 

kititae 

kits-u 

koro 

kuinu,  kwinu 

kuti 

kutis 

kutcs-kets-i 

tcal-ti-a 

tcalka 

tcarka 

tcarki 

tcakulsi,  tcuki 

tcese,  tcixu 

tcekere 

tcirti 

tcisire 

tcomelei 

tcoxisi,  teopsoxsi,  tcopsoksi 

tcoxorore,  tcokere 

tcopolotesi 

tcuierte 

tcupea 

tcutsu,  tcutu 


clear,  limpid,  pure 

rich,  well  supplied  with  garments 

heavy  with  fruit  (trees) 

clear,  thin,  full  of  holes 

pink  below 

with  loose  clothes 

big-footed 

good  at  running,  swift 

wrinkled 

blunt-nosed 

small-eyed 

narrow,  difficult,  small 

strong,  pungent 

loud-voiced 

small-headed 

pot-bellied,  fat 

with  prominent  teeth 

bitter 

raw 

opaque-eyed,  blind 

twisted  (tree) 

hoarse 

ready,  prepared 

well-painted 

twisted,  not  straight,  (feet,  road) 

twisted,   streaked 

creaking,  grating 

one-eyed,  squint-eyed 

thin,   gaunt,   lean 

narrow  (road) 

small 

clear 

very  well  tied,  bound 

urinous,  fond  of  urinating 

white 

clear  (sky) 

quiet,  restrained 

downcast,  head  downward 

blue   (eyed) 

torn  open,  ripped 

yellow  moro 

provoked,  angry,  in  bad  humor 

cowering,  squat 

pock-marked 

full  of  holes 

open,  uncovered 

adorned,  decorated 

white,  flesh-colored 

green 


466         University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.    [Vol.  11 


ADVERBS 

Locative 

Adverbs 

an.it,  anit,  ana,  an-epe, 

where? 

anta,  an 

ansia 

distant,  far 

axe 

apart,  another  place 

emxe 

far  down,  very  distant,  indistinct 

enenum 

out  of  sight 

esen 

behind 

intis,  into 

where? 

iti 

there,  distant 

itian,  it-ayate 

backward 

orpei 

in  the  middle 

usiun,  usionte 

further  on,  further 

winimui   (wirimui) 

below,  under 

naxana,  nuxana,  nuxu 

there  (farther) 

ne,  ni,  nia,  nitun,  niatun, 

here,  hither 

nime 

nu,  nua 

there  (nearer) 

lewetes 

low 

raraai  (resmai) 

within 

rini 

above 

rinsiksi 

high 

sanae,  saeanae 

hither 

sinki 

end,  edge 

xut.ui 

before,  preceding 

tapere 

above 

ti 

there,  behind 

tina   (pina),  tina-tum, 

right  here,  close,  hence 

tina-tun,  titun 

tipilikte,   tipilile,   tikilakte 

round  about 

titu 

on  one  side 

kari 

outside 

Temporal  Adverbs 


auxaie 
ameren 
ar,  aru 
aruta,  (arua) 
artiskun,  atskun 
at,  ara 

emen 

et,  etc,  yete,  (yote,  ikte, 

iste) 
imi,  ima- 
in. at,  inuat 


yet,  still 

a  little  time,  little  while 
already  (past  time) 
tomorrow 
suddenly 

shortly,  soon   (near  future  or  re- 
cent past) 
still,  yet,  although 
soon  (indefinite  future) 

always,  all  the  time 
when? 


1916] 


Mason :  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


467 


inya,  inyaha,  (yu'aha) 

ipsiun 

iti 

itixsina 

itma 

itsia,  it-ia,  itsia,  itian, 

itaomtum,  it-aiate 
osioi,  oisio 
ume,  uni 
ule 
wisi 
wika 
yas 

yeteste 

maran,  markum,  markutkus 
maha 
mes,  met 
naha 
nua 

xapuhu,  xaputea 
hokse,  hoks 
huyakse,  wiyaks 
pinawai 
tabax,  taba 
kane,  kaneme 
ketciwesi,    (koteiwesi, 

kepiresi) 
kotcop,   (koph) 
kus 

kutis,  kuti 

tcien 

tcira 


:se 


shortly,  at  once,    (immediate  fu- 
ture) 

a  little  while,  a  short  time 
after  some  time 
at  last,  today 
early  in  the  morning 
afterward,  soon,  shortly 

again,  another  time 

when,  whenever 

yet,  still,  as  yet 

past  time 

yesterday 

ever,  at  any  time 

shortly,  soon,  in  a  short  time 

future  time 

at  once 

future  time 

today 

yet,  still,  although 

never 

a  long  time  ago,  formerly 

this  afternoon 

then,  therefore,  in  that  case 

today,  day 

before,  earlier  than 

soon,  at  once,  ready 

when,  whenever 

in  the  olden  times,  once  upon  a 

time 

presently,  very  soon,  a  little  while 
now,  at  once 
always,  continually 


Descriptive  and  Miscellaneous  Adverbs 


aereis,  eraeis 

aman 

amane 

amanis-e 

amun,  amu,  amn 

asaha 

atpesi 

ats,  ati 

ewe,  ene 

ewoye,  eye,  etmoye 

enohek 

es-e 


so,  thus,  truly 

so  many 

in  truth,  truly 

uninvited  (?) 

in  order  that,  concerning,  because 

truly,  certainly 

good,  truly 

without,  no 

and,  but 

(past  desiderative) 

but  (apposition) 

just  as  if 


468 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Efhn.    [Vol.  11 


esiensen,  esiersem 

exe,  xehe,  he,  Ixi,  hi,  hexe, 

sexe 

epaeis,  aoepaeis 
epsie,  epsik 
ekw© 

imatkun,  imaten. 
isap,  isu 
ipsen,  utix 
ortco,  yenko 
usi 
uksi 
walte 
wele 
wisi 
yas-e 
yekere 

yuta  ....  yuta 
ma 
mots 
muisin 

nan,  nami,  nani 
nu  at-ia 
nuhilu,  nitshim 
sata 
sire 

xatxatci 
xene-kte 
xenkots-e 
xeheresi 
xetskere 
xitepu 

hai,  hahi,  aiu,  aia,  hia,  hiha 
pini,  pinyi,  (piny a) 
taxe 
tukne 
taman 
kaitis 

kati,  kata,  katam 
kua,  kuai,  kuawe 
tciel-e 


(indirect  discourse) 

yes 

perchance,  perhaps 

no!    do  not! 

no,  not 

if  (contrary  to  fact  condition) 

truly,  certainly 

more 

equally 

why,  because 

without  more  ado,  heedlessly 

feet  to  head  and  head  to  feet 

(substantive?) 

because 

also,  as  well 

more,  much  more 

either  ....  or 

truly 

tell  me!    (interrogative) 

(among  them?) 

perhaps,  maybe 

yes,  of  course 

cacnibajo 

like,  as  if 

strongly 

stepping  high 

unequal 

silently 

low  (voice) 

crawling 

strongly 

and,  also  (enclitic) 

perhaps,  perchance 

(interrogative,  final  position) 

would  that!  (past  optative) 

half 

with  this,  no  more 

like,  resembling,  just  as  if 

thus 

high   (voice) 


INTERJECTIONS 


ain.,  aiun,  auin- 

atena  rautik 

et 

iske 

itde,  iuie 


give  me  it!  bring  me  it! 
shout  at  middle  of  dance 
shout  at  gambling  game 
wait  a  moment! 
come  on!  let's  go! 


1916]  Mason:  Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan  469 

iklamini  wait  a  moment! 

oto  run!  go! 

uruksia(ne)  would  that!  (vehement  desire) 

yela,  yelamini  wait  a  moment! 

yuma  come  on!  let's  go! 

yupe,  yu  run!  go! 

waras  upon  my  life! 

nami,  nani  let's  see!  we'll  see! 

lalei  get  out! 

linei  shout  at  gambling  game 

ranx  shout  at  beginning  of  dance 

sotoi  shout  at  gambling  game 

sukai  shout  at  gambling  game 

xep  shout  at  gambling  game 

xine  look! 

xouwo  shout  at  end  of  dance 

xuti  shout  at  gambling  game 

tuii  shout  of  gambling  game 

tiu  shout  of  gambling  game 

kama  look! 

kari  shout  of  gambling  game 

ke  listen!  look! 

kie  who  knows! 

tcaorak  shout  at  gambling  game 

tcit,  tcitsk  shout  at  gambling  game 


470          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.   [Vol.  11 


POSTSCRIPT 

At  Pleasanton,  California,  live  a  small  number  of  Indians, 
members  of  various  central  Calif ornian  groups,  gathered  here  by 
reason  of  community  of  interest.  They  speak  Spanish  and  Plains 
Miwok  among  themselves.  A  visit  was  paid  them  for  a  few  hours 
in  January,  1916,  for  the  principal  purpose  of  securing  terms  of 
relationship  and  notes  on  social  organization.  One  of  the  two 
informants  visited  proved  to  be  an  elderly  woman  from  San 
Lorenzo  and  from  her  a  vocabulary  of  a  hundred  odd  words  was 
secured.  A  comparison  of  this  with  De  la  Cuesta  's  Mutsun  shows 
actual  identity  in  many  cases.  The  practical  identity  of  so  many 
words  proves  first,  the  phonetic  simplicity  of  the  language,  the 
care  with  which  it  was  recorded  and  the  value  of  the  Spanish 
language  as  a  medium  for  the  recording  of  such  aboriginal  speech ; 
second,  the  slight  change  wrhich  has  taken  place  in  this  unliterary 
language  in  the  past  century,  and  third,  the  correctness  of  the 
recent  transcription  from  Spanish  to  phonetic  orthography.  As 
regards  the  latter  point,  the  correctness  of  the  transcription  of 
gm  and  gn  to  km  and  kn  is  demonstrated,  while  that  of  gs  to  xs 
in  accordance  with  tigsin,  tixsin  is  discounted  by  the  record  of 
tugsus  as  tuksus.  No  data  were  secured  to  elucidate  the  problem 
of  gt  and  other  g  combinations. 

The  glossary  secured  follows  here  for  purposes  of  comparison : 


ori§ 

bear 

oto'imin 

snake 

ma'i-yan 
ha'mui 

coyote 
fish 

a'rwex* 

oak 

yu'kis 

live  oak 

in 

tears 

isu 

hand 

urix,  urf 
we'per 
mi-'nyix 
motel,  mo-tel 
mu-c 

hair 
mouth 
heart 
head 
breasts 

las-e 
eran-ai< 

tongue 
back  of  neck 

ri-Tuk 

intestines 

si.T.  sit 

teeth 

hun 

pirewis 

TCukuti' 


wolf 

rattlesnake 

dog 


Ta'Por. 

wood 

Tiw'is 

flower 

si're 

liver 

xu-s 

nose 

heyek' 
hin 
horko'sa 

beard 
eye 
throat 

Ta-mas 
Tim.auxf 

eyebrows 
forehead 

Tumis,  turns 
TU-R' 

leg,  loins 
nail 

TUKSUS 

ear 

koro' 

foot 

1916] 


Mason:   Mutsun  Dialect  of  Costanoan 


471 


inuxw                 road 

eru'wai'             house 

hu't-i                  bow  and  arrow 

tepla'i'              basket 

apa-                   father 
ana-                   mother 

sinm                   daughter,  child 
si'nmatc1           small  child 

anci                    paternal  aunt 
ai/raKis             woman 

sulTa'wu            white  people 
ha'uak'             wife 

a'TCiaKie           virgin 
ere-                    uncle  or  aunt 
Inis                     son 

hu'nTatc1          old  man 
Para                  paternal  grand- 
father 

uetres                chief,  shaman 
u'xi                     mother-in-law 

Taka.                 elder  brother 
tra-ris                 man 

mele.'                 grandmother 
mak-o                 husband 

Tale-                  younger  sister 
Ta'-nan              elder  sister 

mayin               wife  of  chief 
mere'i                father-in-law 

Tansikis            younger  brother 
Katenetc'          old  woman 

me'ris                daughter-in-law 
mueKma           people 

Kot-co               young  man 
tcotco"               grandson 

a-we                  morning  star 
Irek<                  stone 

yuk-i                 ashes 
si                       water 

omu'w,omu'xwsea,  arroyo 
os-e'                    stars 
ware'p'              land 
yO'ko                 live  coal 

esi'.Tic               fog 
hi'yis                 fire 
hismen               sun 
Kormei              moon 

uiK-ani              yesterday 
ne  Tuhi              today 
erl'simu             hill  near  town 

hiwe1                 shaman  's  dance 
hu-si's                tomorrow 
ka'n-o                north 

makismo'.To 
makis  a'.m'ne 
yuwa'kne  mak'samne 
herwe 

it  is  cloudy 
it  is  raining 
it  ceased  raining 
it  is  hot 

kauwi* 

it  is  cold 

loskowis,  losko'iS 
sirkewis 

it  is  white 
it  is  black 

pultewis 
we'teT 
kutcu'iS 

it  is  red 
it  is  large 
it  is  small 

sumikis 
man-i  roti 

give  me! 
where  is  it? 

rl-Tcikmin 

shouting  of  shaman  at  dance 

hu'-tukne 
ka'-nak  hu'tusin 
me-nem  hu-tusin 
wa-ka  hu-tusin 
maki-n  makhu'tusin 
makam  kamhu'tusin 
wa-kamakeahu'tusin 
hu'-tukne'K 


he  died 

I  am  going  to  die 

you  will  die 

he  will  die 

we  will  die 

you  (plu.)  will  die 

they  will  die 

I  have  died 


472          University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.   [Vol.  11 


o'.mis  ni'm  i' 
ka'.na  ekni'mi  oris 
me-nek'    snimi 
ma'kam  kisni'mi 
wa'-kamaK  makisni'mi'sim 

Ka'-na*  to'-fhe 

ka-na  ektca'-uTra 

ne-ca  tca-uvra 

Ka-na  Ka'yin 

pi-n  ka'in 

ka.'iKsiKsiT 

ka-iksikmo-tel 

kiska-iKTumS 

KanaK  u'tkani 

ka-naksa'wi 

ka-naeKi'si 

ka-na  kwarka 

ka.na  eki"wi 

ka-'nakra'pona 

ka-'nakio'TCyen 

a'Tcismente 

ekit'  Kansana 

anini-k' 

hi'ntoka'masin 

akwet'  kinsuste  takaa'ma 

ka.nak  tcatce 

ka-nak-emle 

ka-nak  ete 

Ka.nak  i'tma 

Ka.nak  ho'pe 

Ka.nak  e'son 

Ka.nak  yoken 


I  am  going  to  kill  you 

I  am  going  to  kill  the   bear 

you  will  kill  me 

you  (plu.)  will  kill  me 

they  will  kill  me 

I  run 

I  sit 

now  I  sit 

I  am  ill 

he  is  ill 

my  tooth  aches 

my  head  aches 

my  back  aches 

I  am  playing 

I  am  singing 

I  am  dancing 

I  am  weeping 

I  am  shouting 

I  am  going  to  stir 

I  am  laughing 

I  want  to  vomit 

I  am  hungry 

I  am  thirsty 

I  am  going  to  eat 

I  don't  know  what  I  will  eat 

I  am  standing 

I  am  lying  down 

I  am  sleeping 

I  got  up 

I  get  down 
I  am  tired 


INDEX* 


Titles  of  papers  in  this  volume  are  printed  in  bold-faced  type. 


Aeatl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form  of, 
331  fig.  7,  368,  369  fig.  29. 

Accent,  stress,  mode  of  emphasis, 
in  language  of  Germanic  origin, 
and  in  Kato  and  other  Athabas- 
can dialects,  17. 

Achomawi,  281  footnote  6,  287,  288 
footnote  16. 

Adjectives,  Mutsun,  425,  461.  See 
also  Suffixes. 

Adverbs,  Mutsun,  locative,  466, 
temporal,  466,  descriptive  and 
miscellaneous,  467. 

Algonkin,  288. 

American  Indians,  Handbook  of, 
cited,  288. 

Animals,  list  of  names  of,  in  Mut- 
sun language,  427. 

Antigiiedades  mexicanas,  300. 

Athabascan,  288. 

Athapascan,  spoken  by  Sarsi  In- 
dians, 190. 

Atl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical  form, 
306;  ornamental  form  of,  331 
fig.  7,  357  fig.  22,  358  fig.  23, 
359,  360. 

Atlatl,  337,  338  fig.  7,  p.  368. 

Atsugewi,  281  footnote  6,  287,  288 
footnote  16. 

Aztec  calendar,  300;  time-periods 
in,  300,  302 ;  intercalations  in, 
300,  317,  319,  320,  328;  Venus 
year,  301,  320;  Mercury  year, 
301 ;  moon  not  regarded,  301 ; 
star-periods,  301 ;  cempoalli,  301, 
302 ;  nemontemi,  301 ;  method  of 
making  observations,  303 ;  sys- 
tem of  dating,  303,  and  method 
of  writing  dates,  309 ;  day-signs, 
304,  derivation  of,  327,  deline- 
ation of  symbols  in  manuscripts, 
328;  thirteen  as  a  factor  in,  308, 
313,  323,  324,  326;  numerals, 
308,  313,  322,  323,  324,  326; 
Tonalamatl,  310,  311,  315,  325; 
cycle  (fifty-two  year  period), 
314;  not  devised  for  chrono- 
logical records,  315;  as  a  means 
of  soothsaying,  315 ;  index  of 
birthday  used  for  personal  name, 
315;  corrections  of,  316,  317, 


319;  original  sources,  318,  319; 
origin  of,  321 ;  twenty  as  a  fac- 
tor in,  322,  326;  probable  line 
of  evolution,  327.  See  also  Time- 
periods,  Thirteen,  Day-signs. 

Aztec  codices.     See  Codices,  Aztec. 

Aztec  manuscripts,  delineation  of 
day-signs  in,  297;  bibliography 
of,  394.  See  also  Codices,  Aztec. 

Aztec  mythology,  cataclysms  in, 
379. 

Aztec  year,  initial  day,  312 ;  year- 
sign,  314;  cycle  of  fifty-two 
years,  314. 

Baegert,  cited,  290. 

Bandelier's  papers  on  ancient 
Mexican  manuscripts,  value  of, 
320. 

Barrett,  S.  A.,  cited,  281  footnote 
6. 

Bartlett,  280. 

Bear,  totem,  295. 

Beaver   language,    190. 

Belmar,  Francisco,  cited,  280,  285; 
orthography  altered,  281. 

Blackf  oot  Indians,  Sarsi  associated 
with,  190;  Sarsi  stories  about, 
263,  269. 

Boas,  F.,  cited,  288. 

Boas  Anniversary  Volume,  303. 

Bologna  Codex,  309. 

Book  of  Indexes,  310 ;  applied  to 
time-periods,  311. 

"Book  of  Tributes,"  299. 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  280,  289;  cited, 
279,  288. 

British  Columbia,  relationships  of 
Indian  languages  of,  with  Sarsi 
and  Beaver,  190. 

Buffalo  hunting,  Sarsi  texts,  273, 
275. 

"Calendar  round,"  fifty-two  years 
period  in  Maya  Calendar,  314. 

Calendar  symbols  in  the  manu- 
scripts, delineation  of,  328. 

Calendar  system  of  the  Aztecs.  See 
Aztec  calendar. 

California,  Gulf  of,  280. 

California,  Lower,  279,  290. 

California,  South  Central,  social 
organization  of  Indians,  291;  to 
be  compared  to  that  of  Luiseno, 


Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Am.  Arch.  Ethn.,  vol.  ff.  //t 

473 


Index 


Mohave,  and  Pima,  295 ;  inter- 
relations within  its  own  area, 
296. 

California,  University  of,  scientific 
publications  on  native  Indian 
languages,  401. 

Calli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
341,  342. 

Campo,  California,  Diegueno  dia- 
lect spoken  at,  177  footnote. 

Cane  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
331,  fig.  7. 

Cempoalli,  in  Aztec  calendar,  a 
"period  of  twenty,"  301. 

Chamberlain,  A.  F.,  cited,  288. 

Chavero,  300. 

Chemakuan,   288. 

Chimariko,  281,  285,  286,  287. 

Chontal.     See  Tequistlatecan. 

Chumash,  287. 

Cliumasli  and  Costanoan  Lan- 
guages, cited,  421  note  8. 

Cipactli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
329,  330  fig.  5,  333  fig.  8; 
sources  of  drawings,  334. 

Clavigero,  original  source  for 
study  of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Coatl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
329,  329  fig.  4,  345  fig.  13. 

Cochimi,  proximity  of  the  Seri  to, 
280. 

Cocopa,  186  footnote  34;  fricative 
x,  180  footnote  10 ;  open  vowel 
compared  with  Mohave  and 
Diegueno,  184  footnote  20; 
proximity  of  the  Seri  to,  280. 

Codex,  Bologna,  309 ;  Borbonicus, 
300;  Tro-Cortesian,  323;  Vati- 
can A,  320;  Zapotec,  299. 

Codices,  Aztec,  publication  of  by 
Lord  Kingsborough,  299;  nu- 
merals in,  308. 

Costanoan,  Mutsun  dialect  of,  399, 
400;  structure,  402;  phonetic 
system,  402;  vowels,  402;  con- 
sonants, 402 ;  sonant  g  missing, 
403. 

Cozcaqauhtli  (Aztec  day-sign), 
typical  form,  306;  ornamental 
form,  364  fig.  26,  375  fig.  33, 
376. 

Cree,  261,  269. 

Crowchief,  Charlie,  interpreter, 
190. 

Cuesta,  Father  Felipe  Arroyo  de 
la,  the  Mutsun  dialect  of  Cos- 
tanoan based  on  vocabulary  of, 


399 ;  collection  of  Mutsun  words, 
phrases,  and  sentences,  400,  470; 
Mutsun  grammar,  401,  420,  421. 

Cuetzpalin  (Aztec  day-sign),  typi- 
cal form,  306;  ornamental 
forms,  343,  344  fig.  12. 

Curo,  Eosendo,  Diegueno  Indian, 
177. 

Cycle,  fifty-two  year  period  in  Az- 
tec calendar,  314. 

Dates,  in  Aztec  calendar,  system 
of,  303  ;  method  of  writing,  309 ; 
date  of  birthday  used  for  per- 
sonal name,  315. 

Day-names,  Aztec,  305. 

Day-signs  in  Aztec  manuscripts, 
delineation  of,  297;  typical 
forms,  306;  year  named  after 
initial  day-sign,  312 ;  dominical, 
312;  local  varieties,  321;  se- 
quence of,  330;  convergence, 
331,  354,  355,  362;  ornamental 
forms,  figures  of:  Snake,  306, 
329,  345,  346;  Water-Monster, 
306,  330,  333;  Eain,  306,  331, 
385,  386  fig.  36;  Flower,  306; 
Cane,  306,  368  fig.  28;  Grass, 
306,  364;  Wind,  306,  338,  389 
fig.  37,  390;  House,  306,  341; 
Lizard,  306,  344;  Death,  306, 
347,  350;  Deer,  306,  351,  352, 

354,  355;  Rabbit,  306,  353,  354, 

355,  356;   Water,   306,   331,   337 
fig.    22,    358    fig.    23,    359,    360; 
Dog,     306,     361     fig.     24,     362; 
Monkey,   306,  363,  364,   365  fig. 
27,    King-Vulture,    364    fig.    26, 
375  fig.  33;  Ocelot,  ocelotl,  306, 
370,    372    fig.    31;    Eagle,    306, 
373   fig.    32,    374;    Motion,    306, 
377,  378  fig.  34;  Flint,  306,  381 
fig.  35,  382;  borrowing  of  char- 
acteristics between,  391  fig.  38, 
392. 

Day-symbols  in  Aztec  calendar, 
305;  derivation  of,  327;  delin- 
eation of,  328. 

Death  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
347,  350  fig.  15.  See  Skull. 

Deer  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
351,  352  fig.  16,  354  figs.  17  and 
18,  355  figs.  19  and  20. 

Deer  totem,  295. 

Delineation,  The,  of  the  Day- 
Signs  in  the  Aztec  Manuscripts, 
297. 

Diegueno  Language,  Phonetic 
Elements  of  the,  177. 


474 


Index 


Diegueno  language,  phonetic  ele- 
ments of,  compared  with  Mo- 
have,  283,  284;  unaccented 
vowels,  284. 

Dixon,  E.  B.,  cited  279,  281  foot- 
note 6,  285,  286,  287,  288  foot- 
note 16. 

Dog  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
361  fig.  24,  362. 

Dominical  day-signs,  312. 

Eagle  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
373  fig.  32,  374. 

Eagle-ribs,  Sarsi  informant,  191 ; 
story  about,  223;  war  deeds  of, 
269. 

Eagles,  in  Sarsi  texts,  277. 

Edmonton,  Canada,  257. 

Ehecatl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
337,  338  fig.  9. 

Elements  of  the  Kato  Language, 
1. 

Enclitics  in  the  Mutsun  language, 
426. 

English,  parts  of  speech,  405. 

Esselen,  281,  286,  287. 

Fabrega,  Jose,  original  source  for 
study  of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Flint  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
381  fig.  25,  382. 

Flower  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
331  fig.  7,  389  fig.  37,  390. 

Forstemann  cited,  301 ;  on  element 
of  thirteen  in  Aztec  calendar, 
323,  324,  325. 

Fortes,  member  of  dental  series  of 
stops  in  Kato  language,  10. 

Gender,  in  Mutsun  language,  408. 

Genitive  case  of  Mutsun  nouns, 
410. 

Goddard,  P.  E.,  1,  189. 

Goodman,  cited  on  the  tonalamatl 
in  the  Aztec  calendar,  326. 

Grass  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
331  fig.  7,  364,  366  fig.  28. 

Haida,  288. 

Harrington,  J.  P.,  177;  cited,  287. 

Henshaw,  H.  W.,  cited,  288. 

Hernandez,  F.,  work  on  Guerra  del 
Yaqui,  280. 

Hewitt,  J.  N.  B.,  cited,  280. 

House  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
341. 

Humboldt,  original  source  for 
study  of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 


Indo-European,    286;    model    cate- 
gories,  418. 
Inflection     in     Mutsun     language, 

408. 

"Intercalations"  in  Aztec  calen- 
dar system,  300,  317,  319,  320, 
328. 

Interjections,   Mutsun,   468. 
International      Phonetic      Associa- 
tion, 184  footnote  20. 
Iroquois,  289. 

Itzcuintli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typi- 
cal form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
361  fig.  24,  362. 

Ixtlilxochitl,     Fernando     de    Alva, 
original  source  for  study  of  Az- 
tec calendar,  319. 
Karok,  281,  286. 
Kato    language,    elements    of,    1; 

stress  accent  in,   17. 
Phonology: 

Individual  sounds:  vowels,  4, 
semi-vowels,  5 ;  continu- 
ants: liquids,  5,  nasals,  6, 
figures  of,  opp.  92,  94; 
spirants,  7,  figures  of,  opp. 
88,  90,  96;  stops:  labial,  9, 
figures  of,  opp.  98;  dentals 
(fortes),  9,  figures  of,  opp. 
100;  palatals,  11,  figures 
of,  opp.  102,  104;  velar,  12; 
glottal,  12,  13 ;  affricatives, 
13,  figures  of,  opp.  106; 
table  of  sounds,  13 ;  com- 
parison of  Kato  and  Hupa 
sounds,  14;  assimilation  of 
sounds,  17. 

Modification  of  syllables,  17. 
Morphology : 

Nouns :  simple,  monosyllabic, 
19;  figures  of,  opp.  110; 
with  possessive  prefixes,  21, 
figures  of,  opp.  112,  114; 
parts  of  the  body,  21 ;  cloth- 
ing, 23;  relatives,  23. 
With  suffixes,  23,  figures  of, 
opp.  116,  118 ;  plural  and 
class  suffixes,  24;  locative 
suffixes,  24;  suffix  with  in- 
strumental meaning,  26 ; 
suffixes  of  temporal-modal 
force,  26;  suffixes  of  size, 
shape,  and  color,  26. 
Nouns  compounded  with 
nouns:  first  noun  qualifies 
the  second,  27;  with  pos- 
sessive prefix  for  second 
component,  27 ;  with  sec- 
ond component  modifying 
the  first,  27. 


475 


Index 


Nouns  compounded  with  ad- 
jectives, 28,  with  verbs,  29; 
adjectives  and  verbs  used 
as  nouns,  29;  figures  of, 
opp.  124 ;  verbs  with  in- 
strumental prefix  used  as 
nouns,  31,  figures  of,  opp. 
132,  134;  polysyllabic  nouns 
unanalyzed,  31;  figures  of, 
opp.  120,  122,  126. 
Pronouns,  personal,  32 ;  per- 
sonal demonstratives,  33 ; 
demonstratives,  34 ;  inter- 
rogative and  indefinite  pro- 
nouns, 34;  figures  of,  opp. 
130. 
Adjectives,  35 ;  pronominal, 

35. 

Numerals,    36;    cardinals,    36; 
multiplicatives,       36 ;       dis- 
tributives, 36. 
Directional  words,  37. 
Adverbs,  place,  38 ;   time,  38 ; 
manner     and     degree,     39; 
figures  of,  opp.   128,   130. 
Postpositions,      39 ;      particles 

and  interjections,  41. 
Verbs,  42. 

Prefixes,  first  position,  42; 
adverbial,  43 ;  deitic,  49, 
51 ;  objective,  51 ;  first 
modal,  52 ;  second  modal, 
53;  subjective,  55;  third 
modals,  57. 
Stems,  59. 

Suffixes,  80;  source  of  in- 
formation, 80;  modal,  81; 
temporal,  83. 

Tenses  and  modes,  84 ; 
table  of  analyzed  verbs, 
85. 

Tracings  of  speech,  interpreta- 
tion of,  86 ;  lateral  sonant  and 
spirant,  88,  90 ;  nasals,  92,  94 ; 
spirants,  96 ;  labial  stop  and 
nasal,  98;  dental  stops,  100; 
sonant  palatal  stops,  102; 
surd  palatal  stops,  104 ;  af- 
f ricatives,  106 ;  miscellaneous, 
108;  monosyllabic  nouns,  110; 
nouns  with  possessive  prefixes, 
112,  114 ;  nouns  with  suffixes, 
116,  118;  polysyllabic  nouns, 
120,  122,  126 ;  nouns  of  verbal 
origin,  124 ;  adverbs,  par- 
ticles, etc.,  128 ;  pronouns,  ad- 
verbs, 130;  prefixes  of  verbs, 
132,  134 ;  verbal  prefixes,  sub- 
jectives  and  objectives,  136; 
verbal  suffixes,  138;  suffixes 
of  verbs,  140;  verbal  stems, 


142,  144,  146,  148,  150,  152, 
154,  156,  158,  160,  162,  164, 
166,  168,  170,  172,  174,  176. 

King-vulture  (Aztec  day-sign), 
typical  form,  306 ;  ornamental 
form,  364  fig.  26,  375  fig.  33, 
376. 

Kingsborough,  Lord,  publication 
of  Aztec  "codices,"  299. 

Kroeber,  A.  L.,  177,  279,  401; 
cited,  403  note  6,  421  note  8. 

Kuyahomar,  181  footnote  16. 

Kwayu,  181  footnote  16. 

La  Posta,  177. 

Leon  y  Gama,  Antonio,  original 
source  for  study  of  Aztec  cal- 
endar, 319. 

Library  of  American  Linguistics, 
400. 

Lizard  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
343,  344  fig.  12. 

Loustanou,  280. 

McGee,  W  J,  monograph  on  the 
Seri,  280. 

Magic,  famine  relieved  by,  251 ; 
practice  of,  253. 

Maguey,   299. 

Malinalli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306 ;  ornamental  form, 
331  fig.  7,  364,  366  fig.  28. 

Manual  de  los  ministros  de  las 
Indias,  301. 

Manuscripts,  Aztec,  299.  See  also, 
Codices,  Aztec. 

Manzanita,  177. 

Maricopa,  fricative  x,  180  foot- 
note 10. 

Mason,   J.   A.,   399. 

Maya  calendar,  314. 

Mazatl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306 ;  ornamental  forms, 
351,  352  fig.  16,  354,  figs.  17 
and  18,  355  figs.  19  and  20. 

Mesa  Grande,  San  Diego  County, 
177,  179  note  9. 

Mexican  Antiquities,   299,   332. 

Mexico,  288. 

Miquiztli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typi- 
cal form,  306 ;  ornamental 
forms,  347,  350  fig.  15.  See 
also  Skull. 

Modal  categories,  Mutsun,  418. 

Mohave,  comparison  of  Diegueno 
with,  177,  178,  180,  181,  182, 
183,  184,  185 ;  representative  of 
Yuman  group,  281;  w  of,  282; 
k,  and  6  of,  283,  284;  other 
dialectic  comparisons,  285,  286, 
287. 


476 


Index 


Monkey    (Aztec   day-sign),   typical 
form,    306;     ornamental    forms, 
363,  364,  365  fig.  27. 
Monterey,  California,  400. 
Monterey  County,   California,   295. 
Monumentos  del  arte  mexicano  an- 

tiguo,    299. 
Morning-star,   mentioned   in   Aztec 

manuscript,    303. 

Morphology  of  the  Kato  language. 
See  Kato  language,  elements  of. 
Eeduplication  in  Mutsun,  408. 
Motion  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
377,  378  fig.  34. 

"Motolinia"  (Toribio  de  Bene- 
vente),  original  source  for  study 
of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 
Mutsun  Dialect,  The,  of  Costanoan 
Based  on  the  Vocabulary  of  De 
La  Cuesta,  399. 

Mutsun  language,  400,  401 ;  struc- 
ture, 402 ;  phonetic  system,  402  ; 
vowels,  402 ;  consonants,  402 ; 
phonetic  laws,  405 ;  de  la  Cues- 
ta's  collection  of  words,  phrases, 
and  sentences,  400,  470;  his 
grammar,  401,  420,  421. 
Parts  of  Speech,  403. 

Nouns,    403,    405;    suffixes,    406, 
410;    inflections,   408;    gender, 
408 ;        grammatical       person, 
410;  genitive  case,  410;  class- 
ified lists,   427-439. 
Pronouns,   411,  439;    demonstra- 
tive,   adjectival,    and    interro- 
gative, 440;  lists  of,  439,  440. 
Verbs,   411,   441;    suffixes,   412; 
reduplication  of  verbal  stems, 
412 ;    modal    categories,    418 ; 
relations      implying      motion, 
420;    negative    particle,    423; 
lists  of,  441-461. 
Adjectives,    425,    461 ;     suffixes, 

425,  426;  lists  of,  461-465. 
Particles,  426;  enclitics,  426. 
Adverbs,       locative,       temporal, 
466 ;     descriptive    and    miscel- 
laneous, 467. 
Interjections,  468-469. 
See  also  Suffixes,  Numerals. 
Nahuatlan,   288. 
Nejo,  Isidro,  179. 
Nemontemi,     in     Aztec     calendar, 

301,   302. 
Nose-plug,  used  in   delineation   of 

Aztec  day-signs,   335,  373. 
Numerals  in  the   Athapascan   dia- 
lects, 36;  in  the  Aztec  calendar, 
308,   313,    322,   323;    list   of,   in 
the  Mutsun  language,  439. 


Nuttall,  Mrs.  Z.,  cited,  303;  on 
initial  day-signs  in  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 312;  original  source  for 
study  of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Oaxaca,  Tequistlatecan  idiom  of, 
279;  Belmar's  work  on,  280. 

Ocelot,  Ocelotl  (Aztec  day-sign), 
typical  form,  306 ;  ornamental 
forms,  370,  372  fig.  31. 

Olin  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
377,  378  fig.  34. 

Onorato,  Digueno  Indians,  177. 

Oregon,  288. 

Orozco  y  Berra,  Manuel,  original 
source  for  study  of  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 319. 

Ozomatli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
363,  364,  365  fig.  27. 

Pala,  177. 

Palaihnihan,  288  footnote  16. 

Particles  in  the  Mutsun  language, 
426. 

Peace  Eiver,  Canada,   190. 

Penafiel,  A.,  280,  299. 

Penutian,  contrasted  with  Hokan, 
286;  new  family,  288,  401. 

Phonetic  Elements  of  the  Diegueno 
language,  177. 

Phonology  of  the  Kato  language. 
See  Kato  language,  elements  of. 

Piegan,  259. 

Piman,  288. 

Pinart,  A.,  280. 

Pleasanton,  California,  Indians  at, 
470. 

Porno,  281,  286,  287. 

Powell,  J.  W.,  cited,  288. 

Prefixes,  in  the  Kato  language. 
See  Kato  language,  elements  of. 

Quauhtli  (Aztec  day -sign),  typical 
form,  306 ;  ornamental  forms, 
373  fig.  32,  374. 

Quetzal-coatl,  Aztec  wind-god, 
307;  represented  by  day-sign, 
Wind,  337 ;  realistic  drawing  of, 
338  fig.  9,  q;  figure  of  face,  340 
fig.  10;  ear-ornament,  377. 

Quiahuitl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typi- 
cal form,  306;  ornamental  forms 
of,  331,  385,  386  fig.  26. 

Rabbit  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
353,  354  figs.  17  and  18,  355 
figs.  19  and  20,  356  fig.  21. 

Rain  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306 ;  ornamental  forms, 
331,  385,  386  fig.  36. 

Ray,  Bill,  vocal  tracings  of  Kato 
language,  3. 


477 


Index 


Eousselot  apparatus,  190. 

Sahagun,  Bernardino  de,  300,  318; 
cited,  303. 

Salidon,  Diegueno,  Indian,  177. 

Salinan,  287;  totems,  295. 

San  Diego  County,  California,  177. 

Salishan,  288. 

San  Felipe,  California,  177. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  Mission,  Cali- 
fornia, 400. 

San   Lorenzo,   California,   470. 

Sapir,  E.,  cited,  281  footnote  6, 
288. 

Sarsi  Texts,  189;  key  to  sounds. 
191 ;  Sun  Dance,  193 ;  prayers, 
197,  227,  233 ;  hair  parters,  197 ; 
counting  of  coups,  203,  269 ;  clog 
feast,  209 ;  societies,  215 ;  quali- 
fications and  duties  of  chiefs, 
215;  shamans,  217;  sports,  219; 
painting  of  tipis,  219 ;  buffalo 
pounds,  221;  trapping  beaver, 
219 ;  primitive  dishes,  221 ;  stone 
arrowheads,  223 ;  What  Eagle- 
Bibs  Saw  at  Edmonton,  223 ; 
planting  tobacco,  227 ;  Buffalo 
Bill  Gives  a  Shield,  231 ;  painted 
tipi,  243;  buffalo  stone,  243; 
famine  relieved  by  magic,  251,  by 
Broken  Knife,  253;  Two  Hawks 
Test  Their  Speed,  263;  water- 
being,  267;  ghost,  269;  grass- 
hopper, 273 ;  buffalo-hunting, 
273,  275,  eagles,  277. 

Seler,  Edward,  cited,  301,  303;  on 
initial  day-signs  in  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 312  note  22;  original  source 
for  study  of  Aztec  calendar, 
319 ;  on  element  of  thirteen  in 
Aztec  calendar,  323,  324,  325; 
investigations  of  Mexican  chro- 
nology, 327 ;  criticism  of  conclu- 
sions, 335,  336. 

Serian,  Tequistlatecan  and  Ho- 
kan,  279. 

Serna,  Jacinto  de  la,  cited,  301 ; 
original  source  for  study  of 
Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Shasta,  language,  281,  and  foot- 
note 6,  286,  287,  288  footnote 
16. 

Shea,  J.  G.,  Costanoan  manu- 
scripts, published  by,  400,  405. 

Shoshonean,  179  note  9,  288,  291, 
292. 

Siguenza,  Carlos,  original  source 
for  study  of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Sioux,  story  of  Sarsi  boy's  escape 
from,  259. 


Skull,   representation   of   in   Aztec 
day-signs,    348,    349,    350;    real- 
istic drawing  of,  350. 
Snake     (Aztec    day-sign),    typical 
form,    306 ;     ornamental    forms, 
329,  329  fig.  4,  345  fig.  13,  346. 
Sonora,  relation  of   Seri  language 
of,    to    Tequistlateean    and    Yu- 
man,    279. 
Spanish  spoken  by  some  Indians  in 

California,  470. 

Spanish  j  compared  to  Yuman  de- 
velopments,  180  footnote  10. 
Spanish   orthography  used  for  ex- 
pressing Costanoan  sounds,  401, 
402,  403. 

Star-periods  in  Aztec  calendar  sys- 
tem,  301. 
Stops  in  the  Kato  language.     See 

Kato  language,  elements  of. 
Suffixes  in  the  Kato  language.   See 

Kato  language,  elements  of. 
Suffixes  of  Mutsun  adjectives:  ad- 
jectival,   425,    426 ;    infix    occa- 
sionally found  before,  426. 
Suffixes,   of  Mutsun  nouns: 

Etymological :  resultative,  406 ; 
infinitive,  406 ;  causative,  406 ; 
abstractive,  406 ;  instrumen- 
tal, 406,  407;  agentive,  407; 
nominal,  407. 

Morphological :  plural,  408 ; 
compositional,  409 ;  partitive, 
409 ;  terminative,  409 ;  objec- 
tive, 409  ;  instrumental,  409 ; 
locative,  410 ;  comitative,  410 ; 
regressive,  410. 
Suffixes,  of  Mutsun  verbs: 

Etymological :  possessive,  412 ; 
imitative,  421 ;  purposive, 
412 ;  dative,  413  ;  substantive, 
413  ;  oppositional,  413 ;  exces- 
sive, 413 ;  corporeal,  413 ; 
mandatory,  414. 

Morphological :  indefinite,  415 ; 
past  tense,  416 ;  intransitive, 
416;  transitive,  417;  reflexive, 
417;  reciprocal,  417;  passive 
voice,  418 ;  future  passive, 
418 ;  perfect  passive,  418  ;  im- 
perative, 419 ;  missionary  im- 
perative, 419 ;  subjunctive, 
419 ;  hypothetical,  419 ;  con- 
ditional, 419 ;  iterative,  420  ; 
mandative,  420 ;  purposive 
motion,  421;  prohibitive,  421; 
' '  excellentive, "  421 ;  bene- 
ficial, 422 ;  perfect  transitive, 
422 ;  adjectival,  422,  423 ;  per- 
fect intransitive,  423. 


478 


Index 


Swanton,  J.  E.,  cited,  288. 

Taylor,  A.  S.,  400. 

Tcagucagga,  a  wise  Sarsi,  427. 

Tecpatl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
381  fig.  35,  382. 

Tehuantepee,  California,  279. 

Tenochio,  280. 

Tezozomoc,   cited,   303. 

Thirteen,  as  a  factor  in  Aztec  cal- 
endar, 308,  313,  323 ;  importance 
of,  324;  Forstemann's  theory  of 
origin,  324,  325;  Seler's  hy- 
pothesis of  origin,  324,  325 ; 
factor  in  the  tonalamatl,  326. 

Thomas,  Cyrus,  299,  on  vigesimal 
numeral  system  in  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 322 ;  on  element  thirteen  in 
Aztec  calendar,  323. 

Thomas,  C.,  and  Swanton,  J.  B., 
map  of  linguistic  stocks  of  Mex- 
ico, 280. 

Tiger    (Aztec   day-sign),   306. 

Time-periods  in  Aztec  calendar 
system,  300;  method  of  deter- 
mining, 302. 

Tlaloc,  rain-god,  385. 

Tlingit,  288. 

Tochtli  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
353,  354  figs.  17  and  18,  355  figs. 
19  and  20,  356  fig.  21. 

Tonalamatl,  310,  311,  315,  325; 
factors  thirteen  and  twenty  in, 
326. 

Torquemada,  Juan  de,  original 
source  for  study  of  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 319. 

Totems,  among  Salinan  Indians, 
possible  significance  of,  295. 

Tro-Cortesian  Codex,  323. 

Troncoso,  original  source  for  study 
of  Aztec  calendar,  319. 

Twenty,  as  factor  in  Aztec  calen- 
dar, 322,  in  the  tonalamatl,  326. 

Uto-Azetaken,  286. 

Vatican  Code  A,  320. 


Venus  year  in  Aztec  calendar,  325. 

Vigesimal  numeral  system  in  Aztec 
calendar,  322,  323. 

Waikuri  language,  290. 

Wakashan,  288. 

Walapai,  184. 

Water  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
331  fig.  7,  357  fig.  22,  358  fig. 
23,  359,  360. 

Water  being,  in  Sarsi  texts,  267. 

Water-monster  (Aztec  day- sign), 
typical  form,  306;  ornamental 
form,  329,  330  fig.  5,  333  fig.  8; 
sources  of  drawings,  334;  re- 
semblance to  snake,  335. 

Waterman,  T.  T.,  297;  cited,  179, 
180,  181,  184. 

Wind  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  forms, 
337,  338  fig.  9;  used  to  repre- 
sent Wind-god,  Quetzal-coatl, 
337. 

Wind-god,  Quetzal-coatl,  307;  rep- 
resented by  day-sign  Wind,  337 ; 
realistic  drawing  of,  338  fig.  9, 
q;  figure  of  face,  340  fig.  10. 

Wiyot,  288. 

Xochitl  (Aztec  day-sign),  typical 
form,  306;  ornamental  form, 
331  fig.  7,  389  fig.  37,  390. 

Yana,  281,  286,  287. 

Yaqui,  Hernandez's  work  on,  280. 

Year  sign,  in  Aztec  calendar,  314. 
See  Aztec  year. 

Yokuts,  kinship  system,  292. 

Yuma,  fricative  x  of,  180  footnote 
10;  open  vowel  compared  with 
Mohave  and  Diegueno,  184  note 
20. 

Yuman,  283,  284,  290;  Diegueno 
and  Mohave  as  members  of,  177; 
genetic  connection  with  Seri  and 
Tequistlatecan,  279,  280,  287; 
Mohave  representative  of,  281. 

Yurok,  288. 

"Zapotee  Codex,"   299. 


479 


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II  (pp.  215),  III  (pp.  197),  and  IV  (pp.  228)  completed.  Volume  V  in  progress. 

PSYCHOLOGY.— George  M.  Stratton,  Editor.    Volume  I  in  progress. 

ZOOLOGY. — W.  E.  Ritter  and  C.  A.  Kofoid,  Editors.  Price  per  volume  for  volumes  I-X, 
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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  CHRONICLE.— An  official  record  of  University  lifo, 
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